The Ruins of Gulf of Khambhat and Dwarka캄바트만과 드와르카의 유물

 

The Ruins of Gulf of Khambhat and Dwarka

 

 

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The Gulf of Khambhat (formerly known as the Gulf of Cambay) is an inlet of the Arabian Sea along the west coast of India, in the state of Gujarat. It is about 80 miles in length, and divides the Kathiawar peninsula to the west from the eastern part of Gujarat state on the east. The Narmada and Tapti rivers empty into the Gulf.

Marine archeology in the Gulf of Cambay - now known as the Gulf of Khambhat - centers around controversial findings made in December 2000 by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT). The structures and artifacts discovered by NIOT are the subject of contention. The major disputes surrounding the Gulf of Khambhat Cultural Complex (GKCC) are claims about the existence of submerged city-like structures, the difficulty associating dated artifacts with the site itself, and disputes about whether stone artifacts recovered at the site are actually geofacts.

One major complaint is that artifacts at the site were recovered by dredging, instead of being recovered during a controlled archeological excavation. This leads archeologists to claim that these artifacts cannot be definitively tied to the site. Because of this problem, prominent archeologists reject a piece of wood that was recovered by dredging and dated to 7500 B.C. as having any significance in dating the site. Another major issue is that no marine archeologist has actually inspected the site. All current research has been based on controversial sonar scans, and artifacts dredged from the sea bed.

In May 2001, India's Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Science and Technology division, Murli Manohar Joshi, announced that the ruins of an ancient civilization had been discovered off the coast of Gujarat, in the Gulf of Khambhat. The site was discovered by NIOT while they performed routine pollution studies using sonar, and was described as an area of regularly spaced geometric structures. It is located 20 km from the Gujarat coast, spans 9 km, and can be found at a depth of 30-40 meters. In his announcement, Joshi represented the site as an urban settlement that predates Indus Valley Civilization. Further descriptions of the site by Joshi describe it as containing regularly spaced dwellings, a granary, a bath, a citadel, and a drainage system.

A follow-up investigation was conducted by NIOT in November 2001, which included dredging to recover artifacts and sonar scans to detect structures. Among the artifacts recovered were a piece of wood, pottery sherds, weathered stones initially described as hand tools, fossilized bones, and a tooth. Artifacts were sent to the National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) in Hyderabad, India, the Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany (BSIP) in Lucknow, Germany, and the Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad, India. The piece of wood was carbon dated to an age of 9,500 years old.

NIOT returned for further investigation in the Gulf from October 2002 to January 2003. During these excavations, NIOT reported finding two paleochannels flanked by rectangular and square basement-like features. Artifacts were recovered by means of dredging, including pottery sherds, microliths, wattle and daub remains, and hearth materials. These artifacts were sent for dating at the laboratories of Manipur University and Oxford University. The wattle and daub remains are composed of locally available clay, reed, husk, pottery pieces, and pieces of fresh water shell. The wattle and daub also shows evidence of partial burning.

The most recent work in the Gulf of Khambhat took place from October 2003 to January 2004 and was primarily a geologic study. Techniques used during this investigation include bathymetry survey, sub-bottom survey, side-scan survey, and magnetic survey.

One of the major findings from this investigation concerns the orientation of sand ripples at the site. NIOT researchers claim that there are two sets of ripples visible at the site; One set is a natural feature formed by tidal currents while the other set has formed in relation to underlying structural features.

One of the main controversies surrounding the GKCC is the dated piece of wood. Dr. D.P. Agrawal, chairman of the Paleoclimate Group and founder of Carbon-14 testing facilities in India stated in an article in Frontline Magazine that the piece was dated twice, at separate laboratories.

The NGRI in Hyderabad returned a date of 7190 BC and the BSIP in Hannover returned a date of 7545-7490 BC. Some archeologists, Agrawal in particular, contest that the discovery of an ancient piece of wood does not imply the discovery of an ancient civilization. Agrawal argues that the wood piece is a common find, given that 20,000 years ago the Arabian Sea was 100 meters lower than its current level, and that the gradual sea level rise submerged entire forests.

Another issue is the potsherds retrieved from the site during the various excavations. Researchers describe them as indicative of hand-made and wheel-turned pottery traditions. The remains found have simple rims with small incised lines. All of the remains found so far belong to small or miniature pieces of pottery. Part of the controversy is that these pieces might be natural geofacts; the small size of the artifact collection makes it difficult to conclusively analyze the pottery. But if the pottery is genuine, researchers say it should show some similarities to Harappan pottery, which is typically red and black and stamped with seals. Based on the current pottery collection, a stylistic continuity of Harappan civilization isn't evident.

In a History Channel presentation of "Ancient Aliens", November 11, 2010, ancient astronauts theorists and marine archaeologist presented evidence of a civilization that sank to the see thousands of years before humans living on the planet could have possibly built the ruins of the ancient cities at Khambhat and Dwarka, said to be the ancient dwelling place of Lord Krishna, who like many gods is thought to be an alien. One legend says that after a great battle with space ships, Krishna eventually departed Earth after which his Dwarka into the sea.

What was once thought of as mythology, as the discovery of an ancient sunken off of India, that could be Dwarka, all of that has changed. People are beginning to look at ancient sanskrit texts in new light as perhaps actual historical records. Did India's ancestors witness a war between extraterrestrial entities? Are these interpretations of India's ancient texts proof of alien contact in Earth's past? Are the descriptions of gods actually extraterrestrials?

 

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Dwarka: The Home of Krishna is a Gateway to Heaven and an Underwater City   Ancient Origins - October 18, 2015
According to Hindu mythology, Dvaraka was a city where Krishna, the eighth avatar of Vishnu, once lived. It is believed that Krishna was born in Mathura, just south of Delhi in the modern state of Uttar Pradesh. His uncle, Kansa, was the tyrannical ruler of this city and was eventually killed by Krishna. Kansa's father-in-law, who was Jarasandh, the king of Magadha, was furious when he heard of Kansa's murder, and tried to avenge his death

 

칸밭트 만은 인도 구자라트 주에 있는 아라비아 해의 만입니다. 그것의 길이는 약 80마일이고, 서쪽으로 카티아와르 반도와 동쪽으로 구자라트 주의 동쪽 부분을 구분합니다. 나르마다 강과 타프티 강은 걸프 만으로 흘러들어갑니다.


캠베이 만의 해양 고고학 - 현재 캄바트 만으로 알려진 - 은 2000년 12월에 국립 해양 기술 연구소 (NIOT)에 의해 만들어진 논란의 여지가 있는 발견물을 중심으로 합니다. NIOT가 발견한 구조물과 인공물이 논쟁의 대상입니다. 캄바트만 문화단지를 둘러싼 주요 분쟁은 물에 잠긴 도시와 같은 구조물의 존재, 유적 자체와 연대가 오래된 유물을 연관시키는 것의 어려움, 그리고 유적지에서 발견된 석기 유물이 실제로 지질학적 사실인지에 대한 논쟁입니다.

한 가지 주요 불만 사항은 통제된 고고학 발굴 과정에서 복구되는 대신 준설을 통해 현장의 유물을 복구했다는 것입니다. 이것은 고고학자들이 이 유물들이 그 장소에 확실히 묶여 있을 수 없다고 주장하게 합니다. 이 문제 때문에, 저명한 고고학자들은 준설을 통해 회수되었고 기원전 7500년으로 거슬러 올라가는 나무 조각이 그 장소의 연대를 측정하는 데 중요한 의미가 있다고 거부합니다. 또 다른 큰 문제는 어떤 해양 고고학자도 실제로 그 장소를 조사하지 않았다는 것입니다. 현재의 모든 연구는 논란이 되고 있는 수중 음파 탐지기와 해저에서 준설된 공예품에 기반을 두고 있습니다.

2001년 5월, 인도의 인적 자원 개발, 과학 및 기술 부문 장관 Murli Manohar Joshi는 캄바트 만의 구자라트 해안에서 고대 문명의 유적이 발견되었다고 발표했습니다. 이 장소는 소나를 사용하여 일상적인 오염 연구를 수행하는 동안 NIOT에 의해 발견되었으며, 규칙적으로 간격이 있는 기하학적 구조의 영역으로 설명되었습니다. 구자라트 해안에서 20km 떨어져 있고, 9km에 걸쳐 있으며, 30-40m 깊이에서 발견될 수 있습니다. 그의 발표에서, Joshi는 그 장소를 인더스 계곡 문명 이전의 도시 정착지로 표현했습니다. 조시에 의한 유적지에 대한 추가적인 설명은 그것이 일정한 간격의 주거지, 곡창지대, 목욕탕, 성채, 그리고 배수 시스템을 포함하고 있다고 설명합니다.

NIOT는 2001년 11월에 후속 조사를 수행했는데, 여기에는 유물을 복구하기 위한 준설 작업과 구조물을 탐지하기 위한 음파 탐지가 포함됩니다. 발견된 유물 중에는 나무 조각, 도자기 조각, 수공구로 처음 묘사된 풍화석, 화석화된 뼈, 그리고 치아가 있었습니다. 공예품들은 인도 하이데라바드의 국립 지구 물리 연구소, 독일 럭나우의 Birbal Sanni Institute of Paleobotany, 그리고 인도 아메다바드의 물리 연구소로 보내졌습니다. 그 나무 조각은 9,500년 전의 탄소 연대 측정이었습니다.

NIOT는 2002년 10월부터 2003년 1월까지 걸프 지역에서 추가 조사를 위해 돌아왔습니다. 이러한 발굴 과정에서 NIOT는 직사각형과 사각형의 지하실 같은 특징이 측면에 있는 두 개의 팔레오 해협을 발견했다고 보고했습니다. 토기 조각, 소석, 물집과 부스러기 유적, 화로 재료 등을 준설하여 유물을 수습했습니다. 이 유물들은 마니푸르 대학과 옥스퍼드 대학의 연구실에서 연대 측정을 위해 보내졌습니다. 와트와 도브 유적은 지역에서 구할 수 있는 점토, 갈대, 껍질, 도자기 조각, 그리고 민물 껍질 조각으로 구성되어 있습니다. 와트와 도브도 부분적으로 탔다는 증거를 보여줍니다.

칸밭트 만에서 가장 최근의 작업은 2003년 10월부터 2004년 1월까지 이루어졌으며 주로 지질학 연구였습니다. 이 조사 중에 사용되는 기법에는 배스메트리 조사, 하위 바닥 조사, 측면 스캔 조사 및 자기 조사가 포함됩니다.

이 조사의 주요 결과 중 하나는 현장의 모래 파문 방향과 관련이 있습니다. NIOT 연구원들은 현장에서 두 세트의 잔물결이 보인다고 주장합니다. 한 세트는 조류에 의해 형성된 자연적인 특징이고 다른 세트는 기본적인 구조적 특징과 관련하여 형성되었습니다.

GKCC를 둘러싼 주요 논란 중 하나는 오래된 나무 조각입니다. 고기후 그룹의 회장이자 인도의 탄소-14 시험 시설의 설립자인 D.P. Agrawal 박사는 Frontline Magazine의 기사에서 이 작품이 별도의 실험실에서 두 번의 날짜가 있었다고 말했습니다.

하이데라바드의 NGRI는 기원전 7190년의 날짜를 회신했고 하노버의 BSIP는 기원전 7545-7490년의 날짜를 회신했습니다. 일부 고고학자들, 특히 아그라왈은 고대 나무 조각의 발견이 고대 문명의 발견을 의미하지 않는다고 주장합니다. Agrawal은 2만년 전 아라비아해가 현재의 해수면보다 100미터 낮았고, 점진적인 해수면 상승으로 숲 전체가 물에 잠겼다는 점을 고려할 때 이 나무 조각은 흔한 발견이라고 주장합니다.

또 다른 문제는 다양한 발굴 작업 중에 현장에서 회수한 화분들입니다.

 

연구원들은 그것들이 손으로 만든 도자기와 바퀴를 돌린 도자기 전통을 나타내는 것이라고 설명합니다. 발견된 유해는 작은 절개선이 있는 단순한 테두리를 가지고 있습니다. 지금까지 발견된 모든 유골들은 작은 혹은 작은 도자기 조각들에 속합니다. 논란의 일부는 이 조각들이 자연적인 지질학적 사실일 수도 있다는 것입니다; 유물 수집의 작은 크기는 도자기를 결정적으로 분석하는 것을 어렵게 만듭니다. 하지만 만약 이 도자기가 진짜라면, 연구원들은 이 도자기가 일반적으로 빨간색과 검은색이고 도장이 찍혀 있는 하라판 도자기와 약간의 유사점을 보여주어야 한다고 말합니다. 현재의 도자기 수집품을 보면 하라판 문명의 양식적 연속성이 뚜렷하지 않습니다.


2010년 11월 11일, "고대 외계인"의 역사 채널 발표에서, 고대 우주인 이론가들과 해양 고고학자들은 지구에 사는 인간들이 고대 거주지로 알려진 캄바트와 드와르카에 고대 도시의 유적을 건설할 수 있기 전 수천 년 전에 시야에 가라앉은 문명의 증거를 제시했습니다많은 신들과 마찬가지로 외계인으로 생각되는 크리슈나 경의 자리를 대신합니다. 한 전설은 우주선과의 위대한 전투 후에, 크리슈나는 결국 그의 드와르카가 바다로 떠내려 간 후에 지구를 떠났다고 말합니다.

한때 신화로 여겨졌던 것이, 인도 앞바다에 가라앉은 고대의 발견으로, 드와르카일 수도 있다는 것이 밝혀지면서, 그 모든 것이 바뀌었습니다. 사람들은 고대 산스크리트어 텍스트를 아마도 실제 역사적 기록으로 새롭게 보기 시작했습니다. 인도의 조상들은 외계 생명체들 사이의 전쟁을 목격했나요? 인도의 고대 문자에 대한 이러한 해석은 지구의 과거에 외계인이 접촉했다는 증거인가요? 신에 대한 묘사는 실제로 외계인인가요?

 
드와르카: 크리슈나의 집은 천국으로 가는 관문이자 수중 도시 고대 기원입니다 - 2015년 10월 18일
힌두교 신화에 따르면, 드바라카는 비슈누의 여덟 번째 아바타인 크리슈나가 한때 살았던 도시였습니다. 크리슈나는 현대 우타르 프라데시 주의 델리 바로 남쪽에 있는 마투라에서 태어났다고 믿어지고 있습니다. 그의 삼촌 칸사는 이 도시의 폭압적인 통치자였고 결국 크리슈나에 의해 살해당했습니다. 마가다의 왕 자라산드인 칸사의 장인은 칸사의 살해 소식을 듣고 격분하여 복수하려 했습니다

 

Sha

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