그린란드에서 발견된 폭 1킬로미터의 철 운석에서 나온 거대한 충돌 크레이터입니다

2023. 3. 10. 22:58마하바라타

 

그린란드에서 발견된 폭 1킬로미터의 철 운석에서 나온 거대한 충돌 크레이터입니다
그린란드입니다
빙상 아래 코펜하겐 대학 자연사 박물관의 지구 유전학 센터의 연구원들이 이끄는 국제 팀은 북부 그린란드의 빙상 아래에 묻혀 있는 31 킬로미터 너비의 운석 충돌 크레이터를 발견했습니다. 지구의 대륙 빙하 아래에서 어떤 크기의 분화구도 발견된 것은 이번이 처음입니다. 연구원들은 2015년에 처음 발견된 그들의 발견을 검증하기 위해 지난 3년 동안 일했습니다. 이 연구는 국제적으로 인정받는 저널 사이언스 어드밴스에 최근 발표된 새로운 연구에 설명되어 있습니다.



이 분화구는 지름이 31km 이상으로 파리보다 큰 지역에 해당하며, 지구상에서 가장 큰 충돌 분화구 25개 중 하나에 위치하고 있습니다. 이 분화구는 폭이 1킬로미터인 철 운석이 그린란드 북부에 충돌하면서 형성되었지만, 그 이후로 거의 1킬로미터의 얼음 밑에 숨겨져 있습니다.

- 빙하 얼음은 충격의 흔적을 빠르게 제거할 수 있는 믿을 수 없을 정도로 효율적인 침식 작용제이기 때문에, 분화구는 유난히 잘 보존되어 있고, 그리고 그것은 놀라운 일입니다. 하지만 그것은 지질학적 관점에서 볼 때 분화구가 다소 젊을 것이라는 것을 의미합니다. 지금까지, 분화구의 연대를 직접 측정하는 것은 가능하지 않았지만, 분화구의 상태는 마지막 빙하기가 끝날 무렵에 300만 년 전에서 아마도 12,000년 전에 그린란드를 덮기 시작한 후 형성되었다는 것을 강력하게 시사합니다  덴마크 박물관입니다.

빙상 아래의 암반 지형과 히아와타 충돌 분화구를 둘러싼 얼음이 없는 땅의 지도입니다. 그 구조물은 폭이 31km이고, 눈에 띄는 테두리가 그 구조물을 둘러싸고 있습니다. 충격 구조의 중앙 부분에는 더 큰 충격 크레이터의 전형적인 지형이 보입니다. 계산에 따르면 이 크기의 충돌 크레이터를 생성하기 위해 지구는 1km 이상의 폭을 가진 운석에 의해 충돌했습니다. 사진: 덴마크 자연사 박물관입니다.
빙상 아래의 암반 지형과 히아와타 충돌 분화구를 둘러싼 얼음이 없는 땅의 지도입니다. 그 구조물은 폭이 31km이고, 눈에 띄는 테두리가 그 구조물을 둘러싸고 있습니다. 충격 구조의 중앙 부분에는 더 큰 충격 크레이터의 전형적인 지형이 보입니다. 계산에 따르면 이 크기의 충돌 크레이터를 생성하기 위해 지구는 1km 이상의 폭을 가진 운석에 의해 충돌했습니다. 사진: 덴마크 자연사 박물관입니다. 
거대한 원형 함몰입니다
이 분화구는 연구원들이 그린란드의 빙상 아래에 있는 새로운 지형 지도를 조사하면서 2015년 7월에 처음 발견되었습니다. 그들은 북부 그린란드의 빙상 가장자리에 있는 히아와타 빙하 아래에서 거대하지만 이전에는 발견되지 않은 원형의 함몰을 발견했습니다.

- 우리는 이것이 특별한 것이라는 것을 즉시 알았지만 동시에 우울증의 원인을 확인하는 것이 어려울 것이라는 것이 분명해졌습니다,라고 키에르 교수는 말합니다.

코펜하겐 지질박물관의 안뜰에는 히아와타 빙하에서 멀지 않은 북 그린란드에서 발견된 20톤의 철 운석이 있습니다.

- 따라서 그 함몰이 이전에 설명되지 않은 운석 분화구일 수 있다고 추론하는 것은 그렇게 비약적인 것이 아니었지만, 처음에는 증거가 부족했다고 니콜라즈 K 부교수는 말합니다. 오르후스 대학의 라센입니다.


잉글필드 랜드의 북서쪽 빙상 가장자리 클로즈업입니다. 히아와타 충돌구는 반원형 얼음 가장자리 아래에서 발견되었습니다. 이 구조물은 또한 얼음 표면의 모양에 각인되어 있는데, 비록 그것이 얼음 표면의 거의 1000미터 아래에 놓여 있음에도 불구하고 말입니다. 히아와타는 빙상 가장자리에 있는 출구 빙하의 이름을 따서 지어졌습니다. 그 이름은 식민지 이전의 원주민 지도자이자 이로쿼이 연맹의 공동 설립자를 생각하면서 1922년 북부 그린란드 주변을 탐험하던 중 Laughe Koch에 의해 지어졌습니다. 사진: 덴마크 자연사 박물관입니다. 
잉글필드 랜드의 북서쪽 빙상 가장자리 클로즈업입니다. 히아와타 충돌구는 반원형 얼음 가장자리 아래에서 발견되었습니다. 이 구조물은 또한 얼음 표면의 모양에 각인되어 있는데, 비록 그것이 얼음 표면의 거의 1000미터 아래에 놓여 있음에도 불구하고 말입니다. 히아와타는 빙상 가장자리에 있는 출구 빙하의 이름을 따서 지어졌습니다. 그 이름은 식민지 이전의 원주민 지도자이자 이로쿼이 연맹의 공동 설립자를 생각하면서 1922년 북부 그린란드 주변을 탐험하던 중 Laughe Koch에 의해 지어졌습니다. 사진: 덴마크 자연사 박물관입니다. 
결정적인 증거입니다
이 거대한 함몰이 운석 분화구라는 그들의 의심은 그 팀이 히아와타 빙하 위를 날고 새로운 강력한 얼음 레이더로 그 분화구와 그 위에 있는 얼음의 지도를 그리기 위해 알프레드 베게너 연구소에서 독일 연구 비행기를 보냈을 때 강화되었습니다.

이번 연구에 참여했으며 얼음 레이더 측정 전문가인 NASA의 빙하학자 조셉 맥그리거는 다음과 같이 덧붙였습니다:

- 히아와타 빙하의 이전 레이더 측정은 그린란드의 변화하는 얼음 덮개를 지도로 만들기 위한 NASA의 장기적인 노력의 일부였습니다. 우리가 우리의 가설을 시험하기 위해 정말 필요한 것은 그곳에서 밀도 있고 집중적인 레이더 조사였습니다. Alfred Wegener Institute와 University of Kansas의 동료들은 모든 예상을 뛰어넘는 차세대 레이더 시스템을 사용하여 정확히 이 작업을 수행했고 우울증을 놀라운 세부 사항으로 촬영했습니다. 뚜렷한 원형 테두리, 중앙 융기, 교란되고 방해받지 않는 얼음 층, 기초 파편입니다. 다 있어요.

2016년과 2017년 여름, 연구팀은 현장으로 돌아와 빙하 기슭 근처 바위의 지각 구조를 지도화하고, 융해 수로를 통해 함몰에서 씻겨 나온 퇴적물의 샘플을 수집했습니다.

- 분화구에서 떠내려온 석영 모래 중 일부는 격렬한 충격을 나타내는 평면 변형 특징을 가지고 있었고, 이것은 히아와타 빙하 아래의 함몰이 운석 분화구라는 결정적인 증거라고 라센 교수는 말합니다.

평면 변형 기능이 있는 석영 입자입니다. 이러한 특징은 거대한 충격 사건의 충격을 경험한 석영을 진단하는 것입니다. 사진: 덴마크 자연사 박물관입니다.
평면 변형 기능이 있는 석영 입자입니다. 이러한 특징은 거대한 충격 사건의 충격을 경험한 석영을 진단하는 것입니다. 사진: 덴마크 자연사 박물관입니다.
지구의 기후와 생명에 미치는 영향입니다
이전의 연구들은 큰 충격이 당시 지구의 생명체에 대한 주요한 결과와 함께 지구의 기후에 심대한 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것을 보여주었습니다. 그러므로 히아와타 빙하의 운석 충돌이 언제 그리고 어떻게 지구에 영향을 미쳤는지 묻는 것은 매우 공명할 수 있습니다.

- 조사의 다음 단계는 영향의 날짜를 자신 있게 정하는 것입니다. 이것은 아마도 구조물의 바닥에서 충돌하는 동안 녹은 물질을 복구해야 하기 때문에 어려운 일이 될 것입니다, 하지만 우리가 히아와타 충돌이 지구의 생명체에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지 이해하려면 이것은 매우 중요합니다,라고 카이어 교수는 결론짓습니다.

 

Massive impact crater from a kilometre-wide iron meteorite discovered in Greenland

BENEATH THE ICE-SHEET 

An international team lead by researchers from the Centre for GeoGenetics at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen have discovered a 31-km wide meteorite impact crater buried beneath the ice-sheet in the northern Greenland. This is the first time that a crater of any size has been found under one of Earth’s continental ice sheets. The researchers worked for last three years to verify their discovery, initially made in the 2015. The research is described in a new study just published in the internationally recognized journal Science Advances.

 

The crater measures more than 31 km in diameter, corresponding to an area bigger than Paris, and placing it among the 25 largest impact craters on Earth. The crater formed when a kilometre-wide iron meteorite smashed into northern Greenland, but has since been hidden under nearly a kilometre of ice.

- The crater is exceptionally well-preserved, and that is surprising, because glacier ice is an incredibly efficient erosive agent that would have quickly removed traces of the impact. But that means the crater must be rather young from a geological perspective. So far, it has not been possible to date the crater directly, but its condition strongly suggests that it formed after ice began to cover Greenland, so younger than 3 million years old and possibly as recently as 12,000 years ago – toward the end of the last ice age, says Professor Kurt H. Kjær from the Center for GeoGenetics at the Natural History Museum of Denmark.

Map of the bedrock topography beneath the ice sheet and the ice-free land surrounding the Hiawatha impact crater. The structure is 31 km wide, with a prominent rim surrounding the structure. In the central part of the impact structure, an area with elevated terrain is seen, which is typical for larger impact craters. Calculations shows that in order to generate an impact crater of this size, the earth was struck by a meteorite more than 1 km wide. Photo: Natural History Museum of Denmark. 

Giant circular depression

The crater was first discovered in July 2015 as the researchers inspected a new map of the topography beneath Greenland's ice-sheet. They noticed an enourmous, but previously undetected circular depression under Hiawatha Glacier, sitting at the very edge of the ice sheet in northern Greenland.

- We immediately knew this was something special but at the same time it became clear that it would be difficult to confirm the origin of the depression, says Professor Kjær.

In the courtyard at the Geological Museum in Copenhagen just outside the windows of the Center for GeoGenetics sits a 20-tonne iron meteorite found in North Greenland not far from the Hiawatha Glacier.

- It was therefore not such a leap to infer that the depression could be a previously undescribed meterorite crater, but initially we lacked the evidence, reflects Associate Professor Nicolaj K. Larsen from Aarhus University.

Close-up of the northwestern ice-sheet margin in Inglefield Land. The Hiawatha impact crater was discovered beneath the semi-circular ice margin. The structure is also imprinted on the shape of the ice surface, even though it lies nearly 1000 meters below the ice surface. Hiawatha is named after outlet glacier at the edge of the ice sheet. The name was given by Lauge Koch in 1922 during an expedition around northern Greenland, while thinking of the pre-colonial native American leader and co-founder of the Iroquois Confederacy. Photo: Natural History Museum of Denmark. 

The crucial evidence

Their suspicion that the giant depression was a meteorite crater was reinforced when the team sent a German research plane from the Alfred Wegener Institute to fly over the Hiawatha Glacier and map the crater and the overlying ice with a new powerful ice radar. Joseph MacGregor, a glaciologist at NASA, who participated in the study and is an expert in ice radar measurements adds:

- Previous radar measurements of Hiawatha Glacier were part of a long-term NASA effort to map Greenland’s changing ice cover. What we really needed to test our hypothesis was a dense and focused radar survey there. Our colleagues at the Alfred Wegener Institute and University of Kansas did exactly that with a next-generation radar system that exceeded all expectations and imaged the depression in stunning detail. A distinctly circular rim, central uplift, disturbed and undisturbed ice layering, and basal debris. It’s all there.

In the summers of 2016 and 2017, the research team returned to the site to map tectonic structures in the rock near the foot of the glacier and collect samples of sediments washed out from the depression through a meltwater channel.

- Some of the quartz sand washed from the crater had planar deformation features indicative of a violent impact, and this is conclusive evidence that the depression beneath the Hiawatha Glacier is a meteorite crater, says Professor Larsen.

Quartz grains with planar deformation features. These features are diagnostic of the quartz having experienced the shock of a massive impact event. Photo: Natural History Museum of Denmark.

The consequences of the impact on the Earth’s climate and life

Earlier studies have shown that large impacts can profoundly affect Earth’s climate, with major consequences for life on Earth at the time. It is therefore very resonable to ask when and how and this meteorite impact at the Hiawatha Glacier affected the planet.

- The next step in the investigation will be to confidently date the impact. This will be a challenge, because it will probably require recovering material that melted during the impact from the bottom of the structure, but this is crucial if we are to understand how the Hiawatha impact affected life on Earth, concludes Professor Kjær.

An artist’s depiction of a possible impact into the Greenland Ice Sheet. The iron meteorite penetrated 7 km into the Earth’s crust, creating a crater that was initially 20 km wide and collapsed within minutes into the final 31 km crater we see today. Illustration: Carl Christian Tofte.

Read more in Science Advances.

https://snm.ku.dk/english/news/all_news/2018/2018.11/massive-impact-crater-from-a-kilometre-wide-iron-meteorite-discovered-in-greenland/

'마하바라타' 카테고리의 다른 글

마하바라타ㅣMahabharata  (0) 2023.03.20