거인 알로아데는 문명을 가져오고 도시를 건설하였다.ㅣ그리스 닉소스

2022. 10. 13. 11:07세계고대문명/그리스,로마,아프리카

"Ephialtes(거인)" 및 "Otos"는 여기로 리디렉션됩니다. 

스페인의 지방 자치 단체에 대해서는 발렌시아의 오토 문서를 참조하십시오. 단테의 신곡에 대한 Gustave Doré의 삽화에서 왼쪽의 Ephialtes를 포함한 거인과 거인. . 신화 형제는 Olympus 산을 습격하고 Otus를 위해 Artemis를, Ephialtes를 위해 Hera를 얻을 것입니다. 그들이 신과 대면할 산더미의 계획이나 건설은 저자(Homer, Virgil 및 Ovid 포함)에 따라 다르게 설명되며 번역가에 의해 때때로 변경됩니다. Olympus 산은 일반적으로 가장 낮은 산으로 알려져 있으며 Ossa 산과 Pelion 산이 각각 2위와 3위를 하고 있으며 그 반대도 마찬가지입니다. 호머는 그들이 수염을 기르기 전에 아폴론에게 살해당했다고 말하는데, 그에 따르면 그들은 뱀에 의해 지하 세계의 기둥에 묶여 있었고 그 위에 올빼미 형태의 Styx의 님프가 있었습니다. 5.385–391). 에리보에아의 보고를 받은 헤르메스는 아레스를 구출했습니다. 아르테미스가 암사슴으로 변해 그들 사이로 뛰어들자 형제는 죽었다. Aloadae는 그녀가 도망가는 것을 원하지 않고 창을 던져 서로를 동시에 죽였습니다. 

 

다른 버전에서는 아폴로가 산을 하늘로 높이려는 시도에서 아로다이를 죽였거나, 오투스가 아르테미스를 강간하려 했고, 아폴로는 그 사이에 사슴을 보내 죽음을 도발했습니다. Aloadae는 문명을 가져오고 도시를 건설하고 인류 문화를 가르쳤습니다. 그들은 특별히 그들이 세운 두 도시인 낙소스와 보이오티아 아스크라에서 영예를 안았습니다. Ephialtes("뛰어넘는 자")는 또한 "악몽"에 대한 그리스어 단어이며 Ephialtes는 때때로 악몽의 다이몬으로 간주되었습니다. 단테의 신곡 인페르노에서 에피알테스는 지옥, 속임수, 코키투스의 8번째 원과 9번째 원을 구분하는 그레이트 피트에 위치한 6명의 거인 중 하나입니다. 

 

그는 목성에 도전한 것에 대한 처벌로 사슬에 묶여 있습니다. 대중 문화에서 Ephialtes와 Otis는 The Athena Mark에서 두 명의 주요 적수로 나타납니다. 책에서 그들은 거인 중 하나인 가이아와 타르타로스의 아이들입니다. 그들은 로마 콜로세움에서 올림포스의 적 Bacchus와 각각 포세이돈과 주피터의 아들인 반신 퍼시 잭슨과 제이슨 그레이스에게 패배합니다. 소설에서 아로다에는 하데스의 반신반인 니코 디 안젤로를 납치하여 항아리에 가두고, 수세기 전에 아레스를 정복한 것과 같은 방식으로 로마를 ​​멸망시키려는 계획을 세웁니다. 오리온 다음으로 키가 12피트에 불과한 책에 나오는 가장 작은 거인입니다. 참고 문헌 Apollodorus, James George Frazer 경이 영어로 번역한 도서관, FBA, FRS 2권, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; 런던, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Perseus Digital Library의 온라인 버전. 같은 사이트에서 사용할 수 있는 그리스어 텍스트. Gaius Julius Hyginus, The Myths of Hyginus의 Fabulae 번역 및 편집: Mary Grant. 인본주의 연구에 있는 캔자스 대학 간행물. Topos Text Project의 온라인 버전. Homer, AT Murray, PH.D.의 영어 번역이 포함된 오디세이 두 권으로. 캠브리지, 매사추세츠, 하버드 대학 출판부; 런던, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. ISBN 978-0674995611. Perseus Digital Library의 온라인 버전. 같은 사이트에서 사용할 수 있는 그리스어 텍스트. 케레니, 칼(1951). 그리스의 신들. 153쪽 이하. Pausanias, 그리스에 대한 설명 WHS Jones, Litt.D. 및 HA Ormerod, MA, 4권. 캠브리지, 매사추세츠, 하버드 대학 출판부; 런던, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Perseus Digital Library Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio의 온라인 버전. 3권. 라이프치히, 테우브너. 1903. 페르세우스 디지털 도서관에서 사용 가능한 그리스어 텍스트 - https://da.vsyachyna.com/wiki/Aloadae

 

"Ephialtes (kæmpe)" og "Otos" omdirigerer her. For den spanske kommune, se Otos, Valencia . Titans og Giants, herunder Ephialtes til venstre, i Gustave Doré 's illustrationer til Dante ' s Guddommelige Komedie . . Mytologi Brødrene ville storme Mount Olympus og få Artemis for Otus og Hera for Ephialtes. Deres plan eller konstruktion af en bunke bjerge oven på, som de ville konfrontere guderne, beskrives anderledes ifølge forfatteren (herunder Homer , Virgil og Ovid ), og lejlighedsvis ændret af oversættere. Mount Olympus siges normalt at være det nederste bjerg, med Mounts Ossa og Pelion på Ossa som andet og tredje, enten henholdsvis eller omvendt. Homer siger, at de blev dræbt af Apollo, før de havde skæg, i overensstemmelse med at de var bundet til søjler i underverdenen af slanger, med Styxens nymfe i form af en ugle over dem. 5.385–391). Underrettet af Eriboea reddede Hermes Ares. Brødrene døde, da Artemis ændrede sig til en do og hoppede mellem dem. Aloadae, der ikke ville have hende til at slippe væk, kastede deres spyd og dræbte samtidig hinanden. I en anden version dræbte enten Apollo Aloadae i deres forsøg på at skalere bjergene til himlen, eller Otus forsøgte at voldtage Artemis, og Apollo sendte hjorten midt imellem og provokerede deres død. Aloadae var civilisationsbringere, grundlagde byer og underviste menneskeheden i kultur. De blev æret specifikt i Naxos og Boeotian Ascra , to byer de grundlagde. Ephialtes (lit. "han, som springer over") er også det græske ord for " mareridt ", og Ephialtes blev undertiden betragtes den daimon af mareridt . I Inferno of Dantes Divine Comedy Ephialtes er en af ​​seks giganter placeret i den store pit, der adskiller den ottende og niende cirkel af henholdsvis Helvede , Bedrageri og Cocytus . Han er lænket som straf for at have udfordret Jupiter . I populærkulturen Ephialtes og Otis optræder i The Athena Mark som to af de vigtigste antagonister. I bogen er de en af kæmperne , børnene til Gaea og Tartarus . De besejres i det romerske Colosseum af deres olympiske fjende Bacchus , og halvguderne Percy Jackson og Jason Grace , sønner af henholdsvis Poseidon og Jupiter . I romanen, den Aloadae kidnappe den halvgud søn af Hades , Nico di Angelo og fængsle ham i en krukke, på samme måde, som de erobrede Ares århundreder tidligere, og planlægger at ødelægge Rom. Ved siden af Orion er de de mindste giganter, der optræder i bøgerne, der beskrives som kun 12 fod høje. Noter Referencer Apollodorus , biblioteket med en engelsk oversættelse af Sir James George Frazer, FBA, FRS i 2 bind, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Onlineversion på Perseus Digital Library. Græsk tekst tilgængelig fra samme websted . Gaius Julius Hyginus , Fabulae fra The Myths of Hyginus oversat og redigeret af Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Onlineversion i Topos Text Project. Homer , Odysseen med en engelsk oversættelse af AT Murray, PH.D. i to bind. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. ISBN  978-0674995611 . Onlineversion på Perseus Digital Library. Græsk tekst tilgængelig fra samme websted . Kerenyi, Karl (1951). Grækernes guder . s. 153ff. Pausanias , Beskrivelse af Grækenland med en engelsk oversættelse af WHS Jones, Litt.D. og HA Ormerod, MA, i 4 bind. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN  0-674-99328-4 . Onlineversion på Perseus Digital Library Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 bind . Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Græsk tekst tilgængelig på Perseus Digital Library - https://da.vsyachyna.com/wiki/Aloadae

 

Aloadae - Wikipedia

Fra Wikipedia, den gratis encyklopædi Kæmper fra græsk mytologi "Ephialtes (kæmpe)" og "Otos" omdirigerer her. For den spanske kommune, se Otos, Valencia . . Mytologi Brødrene ville storme Mount Olympus og få Artemis for Otus og Hera for Ephialtes. D

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Naxos

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For other uses, see Naxos (disambiguation).
NaxosNative name: 
Νάξος
GeographyCoordinatesArchipelagoAreaHighest elevationHighest pointAdministrationRegionRegional unitCapital cityDemographicsPopulationPop. density
Port of Naxos (city)
 
Naxos
 
37°05′15″N 25°24′14″ECoordinates: 37°05′15″N 25°24′14″E
Cyclades
430 km2 (170 sq mi)
1,003 m (3291 ft)
Mt. Zeus
Greece
South Aegean
Naxos
Naxos (city)
18,904 (2011)
44/km2 (114/sq mi)

Naxos (/ˈnæksɒs, -ss/; Greek: Νάξος, pronounced [ˈnaksos]) is a Greek island and the largest of the Cyclades. It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture. The island is famous as a source of emery, a rock rich in corundum, which until modern times was one of the best abrasives available.

The largest town and capital of the island is Chora or Naxos City, with 7,374 inhabitants (2011 census). The main villages are Filoti, Apiranthos, Vivlos, Agios Arsenios, Koronos and Glynado.

 

낙소스(/ˈnæksɒs, -soʊs/; 그리스어: Νάξος, [ˈnaksos])는 키클라데스 제도에 있는 섬입니다. 고대 키클라데스 문화의 중심지였습니다. 이 섬은 강옥이 풍부한 암석인 에머리의 공급원으로 유명합니다. 이 암석은 현대까지 사용할 수 있는 최고의 연마재 중 하나였습니다.

2011년 인구 조사에서 인구는 7,374명입니다. 주요 마을은 Filoti, Apiranthos, Vivlos, Agios Arsenios, Koronos 및 Glynado입니다.

Geography[edit]

Climate[edit]

Naxos experiences a Mediterranean climate, with relatively mild winters and warm summers. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Csa". (Mediterranean Climate).[1]

Inland areas of the island are much wetter and cooler in winter.
hideClimate data for Naxos town (0m)MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearRecord high °C (°F)Average high °C (°F)Daily mean °C (°F)Average low °C (°F)Record low °C (°F)Average precipitation mm (inches)Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)Average relative humidity (%)
22.2
(72.0)
22.3
(72.1)
25.4
(77.7)
30.5
(86.9)
33.6
(92.5)
36.2
(97.2)
37.4
(99.3)
34.0
(93.2)
33.0
(91.4)
30.8
(87.4)
28.8
(83.8)
24.0
(75.2)
37.4
(99.3)
14.3
(57.7)
14.4
(57.9)
15.7
(60.3)
18.6
(65.5)
21.9
(71.4)
25.7
(78.3)
26.6
(79.9)
26.2
(79.2)
24.6
(76.3)
21.4
(70.5)
18.6
(65.5)
15.8
(60.4)
20.3
(68.5)
12.0
(53.6)
12.1
(53.8)
13.3
(55.9)
16.1
(61.0)
19.4
(66.9)
23.2
(73.8)
24.7
(76.5)
24.4
(75.9)
22.6
(72.7)
19.3
(66.7)
16.2
(61.2)
13.7
(56.7)
18.1
(64.6)
9.3
(48.7)
9.3
(48.7)
10.2
(50.4)
12.5
(54.5)
15.4
(59.7)
19.2
(66.6)
21.7
(71.1)
21.7
(71.1)
19.8
(67.6)
16.6
(61.9)
13.4
(56.1)
10.9
(51.6)
15.0
(59.0)
0.4
(32.7)
−1.0
(30.2)
2.0
(35.6)
5.1
(41.2)
7.1
(44.8)
12.0
(53.6)
14.8
(58.6)
13.6
(56.5)
11.2
(52.2)
7.2
(45.0)
4.5
(40.1)
2.0
(35.6)
−1.0
(30.2)
71.3
(2.81)
58.6
(2.31)
49.8
(1.96)
18.4
(0.72)
9.8
(0.39)
2.8
(0.11)
0.6
(0.02)
2.8
(0.11)
5.7
(0.22)
39.3
(1.55)
47.4
(1.87)
69.4
(2.73)
375.9
(14.80)
8.4 7.7 5.7 3.1 1.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.6 3.0 5.0 8.6 44.2
72.0 71.2 72.0 69.5 70.7 67.8 68.7 70.2 71.1 73.2 73.8 73.3 71.1
Source: NOAA[2]
hideClimate data for Apeiranthos village (600m)MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearAverage high °C (°F)Average low °C (°F)Average precipitation mm (inches)
9
(48)
10.2
(50.4)
13
(55)
15.4
(59.7)
21.9
(71.4)
25.1
(77.2)
27.9
(82.2)
28.7
(83.7)
24.9
(76.8)
22.5
(72.5)
16.1
(61.0)
12.3
(54.1)
18.9
(66.0)
4.8
(40.6)
5.9
(42.6)
7.8
(46.0)
9.7
(49.5)
15
(59)
18.6
(65.5)
21.1
(70.0)
21.8
(71.2)
18.7
(65.7)
16.3
(61.3)
11.7
(53.1)
8.6
(47.5)
13.3
(56.0)
208.3
(8.20)
137.8
(5.43)
80.3
(3.16)
77.4
(3.05)
4.7
(0.19)
1.1
(0.04)
19.4
(0.76)
0.1
(0.00)
24.2
(0.95)
60.9
(2.40)
91.1
(3.59)
155.9
(6.14)
861.2
(33.91)
Source: http://penteli.meteo.gr/stations/apiranthos/ (2019 - 2020 averages)

 

Mythic Naxos[edit]

 
Landscape of the island
 
Apollo Temple's entrance (Portara)

According to Greek mythology, the young Zeus was raised in a cave on Mt. Zas ("Zas" meaning "Zeus"). Homer mentions "Dia"; literally the sacred island "of the Goddess". Károly Kerényi explains:

This name, Dia, which means 'heavenly' or 'divine', was applied to several small craggy islands in our [Aegean] sea, all of them lying close to larger islands, such as Crete or Naxos. The name "Dia" was even transferred to the island of Naxos itself, since it was more widely supposed than any other to have been the nuptial isle of Dionysus.[3]

One legend has it that in the Heroic Age before the Trojan War, Theseus abandoned Ariadne on this island after she helped him kill the Minotaur and escape from the Labyrinth. Dionysus (god of wine, festivities, and the primal energy of life) who was the protector of the island, met Ariadne and fell in love with her. But eventually Ariadne, unable to bear her separation from Theseus, either killed herself (according to the Athenians), or ascended to heaven (as the older versions had it). The Naxos portion of the Ariadne myth is also told in the Richard Strauss opera Ariadne auf Naxos.

The giant brothers Otus and Ephialtes figure in at least two Naxos myths: in one, Artemis bought the abandonment of a siege they laid against the gods, by offering to live on Naxos as Otus's lover; in another, the brothers had actually settled Naxos.

It is also said that the sea god Poseidon was passing by Naxos whilst driving his chariot on the sea surface and is where he first laid eyes on his future wife, the nereid Amphitrite as she was dancing there.

신화 낙소스

섬의 풍경

아폴로 신전 입구(포르타라)
그리스 신화에 따르면 어린 제우스는 산의 동굴에서 자랐습니다. Zas("Zas"는 "Zeus"를 의미함). Homer는 "Dia"를 언급합니다. 말 그대로 "여신의" 성스러운 섬 Károly Kerényi는 다음과 같이 설명합니다.

'하늘의' 또는 '신성한'을 의미하는 이 이름 디아는 우리 [에게] 바다에 있는 여러 개의 작은 험준한 섬에 적용되었으며, 모두 크레타 섬이나 낙소스 섬과 같은 더 큰 섬에 가깝습니다. "Dia"라는 이름은 Naxos 섬 자체로 옮겨지기까지 했습니다. 왜냐하면 다른 어떤 섬보다 Dionysus의 결혼식 섬으로 여겨졌기 때문입니다.[3]

한 전설에 따르면 트로이 전쟁 이전의 영웅 시대에 테세우스는 아리아드네가 미노타우로스를 죽이고 미궁에서 탈출하는 것을 도운 후 이 섬에 아리아드네를 버렸다고 합니다. 섬의 수호신인 디오니소스(술의 신, 축제의 신, 생명의 근원)는 아리아드네를 만나 사랑에 빠졌다. 그러나 결국 아리아드네는 테세우스와의 이별을 견디지 못하고 스스로 목숨을 끊거나(아테나이인에 따르면) 하늘로 승천했습니다(이전 버전에 따르면). 아리아드네 신화의 낙소스 부분은 또한 리하르트 슈트라우스의 오페라 낙소스 섬의 아리아드네에서도 전해집니다.

거인 형제 Otus와 Ephialtes는 적어도 두 개의 낙소스 신화에 등장합니다. 하나는 Artemis가 낙소스에 Otus의 연인으로 살겠다고 제안함으로써 신들에 대한 포위 공격의 포기를 샀습니다. 다른 곳에서는 형제들이 낙소스 섬에 실제로 정착했습니다.

또한 바다의 신 포세이돈이 해수면에서 마차를 몰고 낙소스를 지나가고 있었고, 그곳에서 그가 미래의 아내인 네레이드 암피트리테가 춤을 추면서 처음으로 눈을 떴다고 합니다.

History[edit]

 
Neolithic finds from the Zas cave: jewelry, pottery, tools; archaeological museum of Naxos

Middle Paleolithic era[edit]

Stelida quarry, south-west of Chora,[4] contains Mousterian tools dating back to the Middle Paleolithic era, which indicates that Neanderthal activity on the island spanned almost 200,000 years ago.[5]

Cycladic civilisation[edit]

Zas Cave, inhabited during the Neolithic era, contained objects of stone from Melos and copper objects including a dagger and gold sheet. The presence of gold and other objects within the cave indicated to researchers the status of the inhabitant.[6]

Emery was exported during that time, to other islands.[7]

Classical era and Greco-Persian Wars[edit]

During the 8th and 7th centuries BC, Naxos dominated commerce in the Cyclades.

Herodotus describes Naxos circa 500 BC as the most prosperous Greek island.[8]

In 499 BC, an unsuccessful attack on Naxos by Persian forces led several prominent men in the Greek cities of Ionia to rebel against the Persian Empire in the Ionian Revolt, and then to the Persian War between Greece and Persia.

Naxos was the first Greek city-state to attempt to leave the Delian League circa 476 BC; Athens quickly quashed the notion and forcibly removed all military naval vessels from the island's control. Athens then demanded all future payments from Naxos in the form of gold rather than military aid.

Byzantine era[edit]

Main article: Aegean Sea (theme)
 
Fotodotis monastery

In Late Antiquity, the island was part of the province of the Islands.[9]

Pope Martin I was detained on the island of Naxos for almost a year after he was arrested by Byzantine authorities in Rome due to his holding of a synod that condemned monotheletism. He was held on the island prior to being taken to Constantinople for trial. While detained on the island, he wrote to a certain Theodore living in Constantinople.[10]

Under the Byzantine Empire, Naxos was part of the thema of the Aegean Sea, which was established in the mid-9th century.

In Byzantine times, the island's capital was on the southern fortress of Apalyres.[11] During this time, it suffered from Saracen raids, particular during the existence of the Emirate of Crete (824–961), to which the island occasionally paid tribute. Traces of Muslim artistic influence are visible in frescoes from the 10th century.[11] Nevertheless, as in Antiquity, Naxos was celebrated for its agriculture and animal husbandry; the 12th-century geographer al-Idrisi records extensive cattle raising on the island.[11]

In the late 12th century, it may have been the capital of a short-lived thema of the "Dodekanesos".[9]

신석기 시대는 Zas 동굴에서 발견: 보석, 도자기, 도구; 낙소스 고고학 박물관
중기 구석기 시대[편집]
코라 남서쪽에 있는 스텔리다 채석장[4]에는 구석기 중기 시대로 거슬러 올라가는 무스테리안 도구가 있는데, 이는 이 섬에서 네안데르탈인의 활동이 거의 200,000년 전에 이루어졌음을 나타냅니다.[5]

키클라데스 문명[편집]
신석기 시대에 거주했던 자스 동굴에는 멜로스의 석재와 단검, 금판 등의 구리 유물이 있었다. 동굴 안에 있는 금과 다른 물체의 존재는 연구자에게 거주자의 상태를 나타냅니다.[6]

에메리는 그 기간 동안 다른 섬으로 수출되었습니다.[7]

고전 시대와 그리스-페르시아 전쟁[편집]


데메테르 신전
기원전 8세기와 7세기 동안 낙소스족은 키클라데스 제도의 상업을 지배했습니다.

헤로도토스는 기원전 500년경의 낙소스를 그리스에서 가장 번영한 섬으로 묘사합니다.[8]

기원전 499년에 페르시아 군대의 낙소스 공격이 실패하자 그리스 도시 아이오니아의 몇몇 저명한 사람들이 이오니아 반란에서 페르시아 제국에 대항하여 반란을 일으켰고 그리스와 페르시아 사이의 페르시아 전쟁을 일으켰습니다.

낙소스는 기원전 476년경 델리안 동맹을 탈퇴하려고 시도한 최초의 그리스 도시 국가였습니다. 아테네는 신속하게 그 개념을 일축하고 섬의 통제에서 모든 군함을 강제로 제거했습니다. 그런 다음 아테네는 낙소스로부터 군사 원조가 아닌 금의 형태로 미래의 모든 지불을 요구했습니다.

비잔틴 시대[편집]
이 부분의 본문은 에게해(테마)입니다.


포토도티스 수도원
고대 후기에 이 섬은 섬 속주의 일부였습니다.[9]

교황 마르틴 1세는 유일신 숭배를 규탄하는 시노드를 개최했다는 이유로 로마의 비잔틴 당국에 체포된 후 거의 1년 동안 낙소스 섬에 억류되어 있었습니다. 그는 재판을 받기 위해 콘스탄티노플로 가기 전에 섬에 억류되어 있었습니다. 섬에 억류되어 있는 동안 그는 콘스탄티노플에 살고 있는 어떤 테오도르에게 편지를 썼습니다.[10]

비잔틴 제국 아래 낙소스 섬은 9세기 중반에 확립된 에게해의 테마였습니다.

비잔틴 시대에 섬의 수도는 남쪽 요새인 아팔리레스(Apalyres)에 있었습니다.[11] 이 기간 동안, 특히 섬이 때때로 공물을 바친 크레타 토후국(824–961)이 존재하는 동안 사라센의 습격을 받았습니다. 이슬람 예술적 영향의 흔적은 10세기의 프레스코화에서 볼 수 있습니다.[11] 그럼에도 불구하고 고대와 마찬가지로 낙소스는 농업과 축산업으로 유명했습니다. 12세기 지리학자 al-Idrisi는 이 섬에서 광범위한 가축 사육을 기록했습니다.[11]

12세기 후반에 이곳은 "도데카네소스"라는 단명한 주제의 수도였을 것입니다.[9]

낙소스 공국[편집]
추가 정보: 군도 공국


낙소스 공국 및 기타 프랑크 왕국, 1265년의 모습 그대로 비잔틴 제국에서 조각.[12]

 

Duchy of Naxos[edit]

Further information: Duchy of the Archipelago

 

 
The Duchy of Naxos and other Frankish states, carved from the Byzantine Empire, as they were in 1265.[12]
 
Sanudo tower, part of the Duchal Palace
 
Belonia tower

In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, with a Latin Empire under the influence of the Venetians established at Constantinople, the Venetian Marco Sanudo conquered Naxos and most of the other Cyclades in 1205–1207.[9] Of all the islands, only on Naxos was there any opposition to Sanudo: a group of Genoese pirates had occupied the castle between the end of Byzantine rule and Sanudo's arrival. To steel his band's resolve, Sanudo burnt his galleys "and bade his companions to conquer or die". The pirates surrendered the castle after a five weeks' siege.[13]

Naxos became the seat of Sanudo's realm, known as the "Duchy of Naxos" or "Duchy of the Archipelago".[9] Twenty-one dukes in two dynasties ruled the Archipelago, until 1566; Venetian rule continued in scattered islands of the Aegean until 1714. Under Venetian rule, the island was called by its Italian name, Nasso.

The Sanudi introduced Western feudal law to the island, based on the Assizes of Romania. However, the native Greek population continued to use Byzantine law for civil matters at least until the late 16th century.[9]

In the 13th century, following the capture of Antalya and Alanya on the southern Anatolian coast by the Seljuk Turks, refugees from these areas settled in Naxos.[11] In the 14th century, the island was once more exposed to raids, this time from the Anatolian Turkish beyliks, chiefly the Aydınids. In turn, the Sanudi assisted the Genoese in capturing Chios in 1304 and the Knights Hospitaller in their conquest of Rhodes in 1309, in order to stop these islands being used as Turkish pirate base. Nevertheless, raids against Naxos are recorded in 1324 and 1326, and in 1341, Umur of Aydın carried off 6,000 people from the island and imposed a payment of tribute. Two years later, however, the Smyrniote crusade captured his main port, Smyrna.[11]

The relief was temporary, however, as Turkish raids recommenced later in the century. The island was so depopulated that Cristoforo Buondelmonti in c. 1420 claimed that there were not enough men to wed the Naxiot women.[11] The rising Ottoman Empire first attacked the island in 1416, but the Sultans recognized Venetian overlordship over the Duchy in successive treaties, in exchange for an annual tribute.[11]

Ottoman control (1566–1821)[edit]

The Ottoman administration remained essentially in the hands of the Venetians; the Porte's concern was satisfied by the returns of taxes. Very few Turks ever settled on Naxos, and Turkish influence on the island is slight. Under Ottoman rule the island was known as Turkish: Nakşa. Ottoman sovereignty lasted until 1821, when the islands revolted; Naxos finally became a member of the Greek state in 1832.

벨로니아 탑
제4차 십자군의 여파로 콘스탄티노폴리스에 세워진 베네치아인들의 영향 아래 라틴 제국이 세워지면서 베네치아 마르코 사누도는 낙소스를 정복했고 1205년부터 1207년까지 키클라데스의 대부분을 정복했다. 비잔틴 통치의 끝과 사누도의 도착. 악단의 결심을 굳히기 위해 사누도는 갤리선을 불태우고 동료들에게 정복하거나 죽으라고 명령했다. 해적들은 5주간의 포위 끝에 성을 항복했다.[13]

낙소스는 "낙소스 공작령" 또는 "군도의 공작령"으로 알려진 사누도 왕국의 소재지가 되었다.[9] 1566년까지 두 왕조의 21명의 공작들이 군도를 다스렸고, 베네치아의 통치는 1714년까지 계속되었다. 베네치아의 통치하에서, 이 섬은 이탈리아 이름인 나소로 불렸다.

사누디족은 루마니아 재상법에 기초한 서구의 봉건법을 이 섬에 도입하였다. 그러나 그리스 원주민들은 적어도 16세기 후반까지 시민 문제에 대해 비잔티움 법을 계속 사용했다.[9]

13세기에 셀주크 투르크가 아나톨리아 남부 해안에서 안탈리아와 알라니아를 점령한 후, 이들 지역에서 온 난민들이 낙소스에 정착했다.[11] 14세기에, 이 섬은 다시 한번 습격에 노출되었고, 이번에는 주로 아이딘족인 아나톨리아 터키 베이라이크족으로부터 공격받았다. 결국 사누디는 제노바인들이 1304년에 키오스를 점령하는 데 도움을 주었고, 1309년에 로도스를 정복하는 데 도움을 주었으며, 이 섬들이 터키 해적 기지로 사용되는 것을 막기 위해서였다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 1324년과 1326년에 낙소스에 대한 습격은 기록되었고, 1341년에 아이딘의 우무르는 섬에서 6,000명의 사람들을 데리고 가서 조공을 바쳤다. 그러나 2년 후 스미르니오테 십자군은 그의 주요 항구인 스미르나를 점령했다.[11]

그러나 터키군의 공습이 세기 후반에 재개됨에 따라 이 구호는 일시적이었다. 이 섬은 인구가 너무 적어서 1420년경 크리스토포로 부온델몬티는 낙시오 여인들과 결혼할 남자가 충분하지 않다고 주장했다.[11] 오스만 제국이 1416년에 처음으로 이 섬을 공격했지만, 술탄들은 매년 공물을 받는 대가로 연속적인 조약에서 공국에 대한 베네치아의 지배권을 인정했다.[11]

오스만 지배 (1566–1821)[편집]
오스만 행정부는 기본적으로 베네치아의 손에 남아 있었고, 포르테의 우려는 세금 반환으로 충족되었다. 낙소스에 정착한 터키인은 거의 없으며, 낙소 섬에 대한 터키의 영향력은 미미하다. 오스만 제국의 지배하에 이 섬은 터키어: 나크샤로 알려졌다. 오스만 제국의 주권은 1821년까지 지속되었고, 1832년 낙소스는 마침내 그리스 국가의 일원이 되었다.

Historical population[edit]

YearIsland populationChange
1981 14,037
1991 14,838 +801/+5.71%
2001 18,188 +3,350/+22.58%
2011 18,904 +716/+3.93%

Economy[edit]

 
Emery mine
 
Marble quarry of Naxos. Note large green truck at lower left of the marble face.

Tourism[edit]

Naxos is a popular tourist destination, with several ruins. It has a number of beaches, such as those at Agia Anna, Agios Prokopios, Alikos, Kastraki, Mikri Vigla, Plaka, and Agios Georgios, most of them near Chora. As other cycladic islands, Naxos is considered a windy place perfect for windsurfing, as well as kitesurfing. There are seven sports clubs in the island that offer both of these sports and other water activities.

Agriculture[edit]

Naxos is the most fertile island of the Cyclades. It has a good supply of water in a region where water is usually inadequate. Mount Zeus (1,004 metres or 3,294 feet) is the highest peak in the Cyclades, and tends to trap the clouds, permitting greater rainfall. This has made agriculture an important economic sector with various vegetable and fruit crops as well as cattle breeding, making Naxos the most self-sufficient island in the Cyclades. Naxos is well known within Greece for its "Arseniko Naxou" cheese, potatoes and Kitron, a local lemon-citrus spirit.

Marble[edit]

The quarrying of marble on Naxos began before 550 BCE.[14] Naxian marble was used for the creation of the roof tiles at ancient Olympia and on the Athenian Acropolis,[15] As of 2016, about 5,000 m³ of high value </

 

Before their birth, the coming of the twins was fortold. They were sons of Poseidon, and could not be killed by either God or man. Mighty Zeus' thunderbolts were useless, as was Heracles' strength. As the boys grew into giants they learned arrogance and the anger that comes from invulnerability. Ephialtes decided that he desired the Goddess Hera, and spent long evenings invisioning how he would dominate and violate the proudest and noblest of the Goddesses. Otus preferred Artemis, the Virgin Lady of Wild Things, for his rape subject. He would do what no other could. They had great strength and mighty issues, did this pair.
Rightly, the twins discounted the brute strength of the Gods. They were male, and looked only to the male strength as a threat. The female power - that of wit - was never considered.

 

So Otus and Ephialtes set off for Olympus, planning to crush the Gods before them and set themselves up as the new rulers of the world. During their seige they locked up Ares in a little bronze jar for 13 months. They had taken over Olympus soon, and there appeared to be no hope for the Olympians. During a break in the battle, Otus and Ephialtes called for Hera and Artemis repeatedly. Time after time they were refused, until at last, miraculously, the Goddesses accepted. Or rather, Artemis did. Hera still refused vehemently. Artemis went to Otus, and said if he would let out Ares, he could do with her what he would. Otus was ecstatic, but Ephialtes wasn't too happy. The brothers began to quarrel, and when they weren't looking Artemis turned into a deer. When the fighting reached a peak, she sprang between them as a white doe. Both men broke off and threw their spears at the lovely creature, but they were so distracted, and she was so fast, that the spears missed. Not only did they miss, but Artemis had set them up so that when they threw what was actually impaled was the brothers.

그들이 태어나기 전에 쌍둥이가 올 것이라는 예언이 있었습니다. 그들은 포세이돈의 아들이었고 신이나 사람에게 죽임을 당할 수 없었습니다. 헤라클레스의 힘과 마찬가지로 마이티 제우스의 벼락도 소용이 없었습니다. 소년들은 거인으로 성장하면서 무적에서 오는 오만과 분노를 배웠습니다. 에피알테스는 자신이 여신 헤라를 원하기로 결정하고 그가 가장 교만하고 가장 고귀한 여신들을 어떻게 지배하고 범할 것인지 상상하며 긴 저녁을 보냈다. Otus는 그의 강간 주제로 Wild Things의 Virgin Lady Artemis를 선호했습니다. 그는 다른 사람이 할 수 없는 일을 할 것입니다. 그들은 큰 힘과 강력한 문제를 가지고 있었습니다.
당연히 쌍둥이는 신의 무자비한 힘을 무시했습니다. 그들은 남성이었고 남성의 힘만을 위협으로 보았습니다. 여성의 힘, 즉 재치 있는 힘은 결코 고려되지 않았습니다.


그래서 Otus와 Ephialtes는 Olympus로 출발하여 그들 앞에서 신들을 분쇄하고 스스로를 세계의 새로운 통치자로 설정할 계획을 세웠습니다. 포위 공격을 하는 동안 그들은 아레스를 작은 청동 항아리에 13개월 동안 가두었습니다. 그들은 곧 올림푸스를 인수했고 올림포스 선수들에게 희망이 없어 보였습니다. 전투가 쉬는 동안 오투스와 에피알테스는 반복해서 헤라와 아르테미스를 불렀다. 몇 번이고 거절당했지만 마침내 기적적으로 여신들이 수락했습니다. 오히려 아르테미스가 그랬다. 헤라는 여전히 단호하게 거절했다. Artemis는 Otus에게 가서 Ares를 내보내면 그가 하고 싶은 대로 그녀와 함께 할 수 있다고 말했습니다. Otus는 황홀했지만 Ephialtes는 그다지 행복하지 않았습니다. 형제들은 다투기 시작했고, 아르테미스는 그들이 보지 않자 사슴으로 변했습니다. 싸움이 극에 달했을 때, 그녀는 흰 암사슴처럼 그들 사이에 끼어들었다. 두 사람은 부서져 아름다운 생물에게 창을 던졌습니다. 그러나 그들은 너무 산만했고 그녀는 너무 빨라서 창이 빗나갔습니다. 그들은 놓쳤을 뿐만 아니라 Artemis가 그들을 던졌을 때 실제로 찔린 것은 형제들이도록 설정했습니다.

https://www.paleothea.com/Myths/OtusEphialtes.html