웅족?ㅣThe History of Romania in One Object: The Thinker and the Sitting Woman 하나의 유물로 본 루마니아의 역사: 사상가와 앉아있는 여인 ㅣ곰사람ㅣ신석기시대의 몽상가

The History of Romania in One Object: The Thinker and the Sitting WomanUpdated: Jul 27, 2020

 

 

The Western Black Sea (nowadays Dobrudja, Romania), around 5000 BC (almost 7000 years ago). The first human communities to settle in this region arrived here after a long journey that started in Anatolia. They were called by archaeologists the Hamangia people (or culture), after the name of the place where their remains were unearthed for the first time. They brought with them their black polished ceramics and their long neck figurines.

This the world of the Thinker, an anthropomorphic figurine sitting on a little chair, his arms bent on his knees and holding his head. This position obviously suggests a meditative attitude, so he was named The Thinker after Rodin’s famous sculpture.

The Thinker was not found alone, he was accompanied with the so-called Sitting Woman, his pair. They were discovered together, in 1956, in the necropolis (graveyard) near the town of Cernavodă (SE Romania), comprising around 400 graves. The Hamangia people used to bury their dead in special places called necropolises (‘city of dead’ in ancient Greek), like the one excavated near Cernavodă or the one in Durankulak (Bulgaria). They were buried with funerary goods like pots, adornments (seashells, even gold) and figurines, like the Thinker and his Lady.

 

 

 

 

Photo 1: Shell bracelet, Cernavodă, Hamangia Culture, cca. 5000-4600 BC, National History Museum of Romania (NHMR) collection

Photo 2: Cup, Cernavodă, Hamangia Culture, cca. 5000-4600 BC, NHMR collection

Photo 3: Pendants, Cernavodă, Hamangia Culture, cca. 5000-4600 BC, NHMR collection

 

The Hamangia people came a long way from Anatolia and eventually spread across the SE Europe. They lived in small villages either in pit houses (e.g. Baia, Romania) or even in big houses with stone foundations (e.g. Durankulak, Bulgaria). They brought with them the black polished ceramic decorated with white rows of dots. In archaeological terms, a community or culture is defined by its ceramic style, both forms and decoration. The black polished Hamangia style was different from the previous culture in SE Europe, characterized by red color pottery. The long neck figurines are another peculiarity of the Hamangia people. Most of them are feminine figurines, either standing or sitting, with wide hips and their hands on the abdomen. They are made of clay or even marble and only few are decorated in the Hamangia style.

 

Photo 5: Anthropomorphic figurine, Cernavodă, Hamangia Culture, cca. 5000-4600 BC, NHMR collection

 

The Thinker and the Sitting Woman are the only Hamangia figurines unearthed with their heads on, which makes them even more special and precious. The Thinker and the Sitting Woman have an oval shaped face, with all details represented, like the nose depicted in relief, the eyes made by triangular impressions and a little mouth. They both have pierced ears. Even more interesting, she has a big hole in her head. The two figurines are also special because they were found, as a pair, in the same grave inventory. According to the archaeologists, the attitude of thinking could be linked to meditation about life and death, considering that the artifacts belong to a funerary context. The Thinker was also interpreted as a vegetation God that has to die in order to resurrect the following spring, or as a Death God, consort of the great Mother Goddess.

 

 

 

 

Photo 6: The Thinker (detail), Cernavodă, Hamangia Culture, cca. 5000-4600 BC, NHMR collection

Photo 7&8: The Sitting Woman (detail), Cernavodă, Hamangia Culture, cca. 5000-4600 BC, NHMR collection

 

We can find figurines with the same meditative attitude in other cultures as well, for example the Thinker of Târpești (Precucuteni culture, Neolithic–Eneolithic archaeological culture on the territory of nowadays Eastern Europe). Another discovery was made recently at Vitănești, where a very rare figurine was unearthed in 2017. Very roughly modeled in the thinking position, it is made of clay used as building material, quite unusual for a figurine. But what makes it so special are its seashell eyes. This is a very rare feature found on figurines discovered the Near East.

 

 

 

Photo 9: The Târpești Thinker, Precucuteni culture, cca. 4750-4500 BC, Neamț County Museums Complex collection

Photo 10: The Vitănești Thinker, Gumelnița culture, cca. 4600-3900 BC

Photos © Marius Amarie

 

The Sitting Woman stands out among the other similar figurines by the position in which she is modeled, suggesting a resting attitude, which is very rarely found (e.g. Thessaly, Greece).

The Thinker and Sitting Woman can be considered masterpieces of the prehistoric art and even more, of the human civilization of all times, as the attitude they are expressing over millenniums is so profoundly human.

하나의 사물로 보는 루마니아의 역사: 사상가와 앉아있는 여인
업데이트: 2020년 7월 27일

흑해 서부(현재 루마니아 Dobrudja), 기원전 5000년경(거의 7000년 전). 이 지역에 정착한 최초의 인간 공동체는 아나톨리아에서 시작된 긴 여행 끝에 이곳에 도착했습니다. 고고학자들은 그들의 유골이 처음으로 발굴된 장소의 이름을 따서 Hamangia 사람들(또는 문화)이라고 불렀습니다. 그들은 검은 광택 도자기와 긴 목 조각상을 가져 왔습니다.

이것은 생각하는 사람의 세계, 작은 의자에 앉아 있는 의인화된 입상, 그의 팔은 무릎에 구부리고 머리를 잡고 있습니다. 이 자세는 분명히 명상하는 자세를 시사하므로 로댕의 유명한 조각에서 '생각하는 사람'이라는 이름을 얻었습니다.

생각하는 사람은 혼자가 아니라 소위 앉아있는 여자, 그의 쌍과 함께 발견되었습니다. 그들은 1956년에 약 400개의 무덤으로 구성된 Cernavodă(SE Romania) 마을 근처의 묘지(묘지)에서 함께 발견되었습니다. Hamangia 사람들은 묘지(고대 그리스어로 '죽은 도시')라고 불리는 특별한 장소에 죽은 자를 묻곤 했습니다. 예를 들어 Cernavodă 근처에서 발굴된 곳이나 Durankulak(불가리아)에서 발굴된 곳과 같은 것입니다. 그들은 냄비, 장식품(조개, 심지어 금)과 같은 장신구와 사상가와 그의 여인과 같은 인형과 함께 묻혔습니다.

 

 

 

사진 1: 조개 팔찌, Cernavodă, Hamangia Culture, cca. 기원전 5000-4600년, 루마니아 국립 역사 박물관(NHMR) 컬렉션

사진 2: 컵, Cernavodă, Hamangia Culture, cca. 기원전 5000-4600년, NHMR 컬렉션

사진 3: 펜던트, Cernavodă, Hamangia Culture, cca. 기원전 5000-4600년, NHMR 컬렉션


Hamangia 사람들은 Anatolia에서 먼 길을 왔고 결국 SE 유럽 전역으로 퍼졌습니다. 그들은 작은 마을에서 구덩이 집(예: 루마니아의 바이아)이나 석조 기초가 있는 큰 집(예: 불가리아의 두란쿨락)에서 살았습니다. 그들은 흰색 점으로 장식된 검은색 광택 세라믹을 가져왔습니다. 고고학 용어로 지역 사회 또는 문화는 형태와 장식 모두의 도자기 스타일로 정의됩니다. 검은색으로 윤이 나는 하만지아 양식은 붉은색 도자기가 특징인 동유럽의 이전 문화와 달랐다. 긴 목 조각상은 Hamangia 사람들의 또 다른 특징입니다. 그들 대부분은 서 있거나 앉아 있거나 엉덩이가 넓고 손이 배에 있는 여성스러운 인형입니다. 그들은 점토 또는 대리석으로 만들어졌으며 소수만이 Hamangia 스타일로 장식되어 있습니다.

사진 6: 생각하는 사람(부분), Cernavodă, Hamangia Culture, cca. 기원전 5000-4600년, NHMR 컬렉션

 

 

사진 7&8: 앉아 있는 여인(부분), Cernavodă, Hamangia Culture, cca. 기원전 5000-4600년, NHMR 컬렉션


예를 들어 Târpești의 사상가(Precucuteni 문화, 오늘날 동유럽 영토의 신석기-석기 고고학 문화)와 같은 다른 문화에서도 동일한 명상 태도를 가진 인형을 찾을 수 있습니다. 2017년에 매우 희귀한 입상이 발굴된 비타네쉬티(Vitănești)에서 최근 또 다른 발견이 이루어졌습니다. 생각하는 위치에서 매우 대략적으로 모델링되었으며, 입상으로는 매우 드문 건축 자재로 사용되는 점토로 만들어졌습니다. 그러나 그것을 아주 특별하게 만드는 것은 조개 껍질입니다. 이것은 근동에서 발견된 인형에서 발견되는 매우 드문 특징입니다.

 

사진 9: Târpești 사상가, Precucuteni culture, cca. 4750-4500 BC, Neamț 카운티 박물관 단지 컬렉션

 

사진 10: Vitănești 사상가, Gumelnița 문화, cca. 기원전 4600-3900년

사진 © 마리우스 아마리에


앉아있는 여인은 다른 유사한 인형들 중에서 그녀가 모델링된 위치에서 눈에 띄며, 이는 매우 드물게 발견되는 휴식 자세를 나타냅니다(예: Thessaly, Greece).

생각하는 사람과 앉아있는 여자는 수천 년에 걸쳐 표현하는 태도가 매우 인간적이기 때문에 선사 시대 예술의 걸작, 나아가 모든 시대의 인간 문명의 걸작으로 간주될 수 있습니다.

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Site eponym : Baia-Hamangia settlement discovered in 1953 along Lake Golovita, close to the coast of the black Sea, in the Romanian province of Dobrogea.
Dates : Middle Neolithic; probably the first Neolithic culture of southern origin to settle west of the Black Sea.
Geographic Setting : covering a geographic area from the contemporary province of Dobrogea to the right bank of the Danube in Muntenia and up to the northeast of Bulgaria.
Habitation : modest enough and not fortified, along the coast, at the edge of the lakeside regions, on the lower and middle ledges of the riverbank, sometimes in caves.
Material Means : Ceramics with carved decorations and anthropomorphic statuettes in terra cotta of exceptional artistic expression.
Funeral Rites : Burial of bodies, laid out face up as in contemporary burial.

The Hamangia is a Middle Neolithic culture in the north of the Balkans whose evolution began during the second half of the sixth millennium BC. It developed in Dobrogea, to the southeast of Muntania and to the northeast of Bulgaria. It originated in the northeast of the Mediterranean and apparently has a cultural heritage that includes the Vinca, Dudesti and Karanovo III cultures. The Hamangia culture is characterized by a strong stability, which hinders our perception of its geographic and chronological evolution.

The Hamangia is a Middle Neolithic culture in the north of the Balkans whose evolution began during the second half of the sixth millennium BC. It developed in Dobrogea, to the southeast of Muntania and to the northeast of Bulgaria. It originated in the northeast of the Mediterranean and apparently has a cultural heritage that includes the Vinca, Dudesti and Karanovo III cultures. The Hamangia culture is characterized by a strong stability, which hinders our perception of its geographic and chronological evolution.
This conservatism is particularly apparent in the continuity, over a long period, in the artifacts found in tombs. The clay statuary found there is of remarkable artist expression. Its relationship to neighboring cultures (Dudesti, Boian, Marita, Precucuteni, and Linear Ceramic) is rare and less significant. The more important discoveries have been accomplished at the Ceamurlia of Jos, Baia, Medgidia, Târgusor, Durankulak settlements and in the Cernavoda and Durankulak necropolis.
The Hamangia culture disappeared in the fifth millennium BC, when migrations brought new cultures into the region between the Balkans and Carpathians. Thus, the very dynamic Boian communities assimilated the Hamangia communities during their transition towards the Gumelnita culture. That assimilation contributed to the genesis of a transitional variant of the Gumelnita culture between the Black Sea and the Danube.

 

사이트 이름 : 1953년 루마니아 Dobrogea 지방의 흑해 연안과 가까운 Golovita 호수를 따라 발견된 Baia-Hamangia 정착촌.
날짜: 중세 신석기 시대; 아마도 흑해 서쪽에 정착한 남부 기원의 최초의 신석기 시대 문화일 것입니다.
지리적 배경: 현재의 Dobrogea 지방에서 Muntenia의 Danube 강 오른쪽 제방과 불가리아 북동쪽까지의 지리적 영역을 포함합니다.
서식지: 해안을 따라, 호숫가 지역의 가장자리, 강둑의 아래쪽 및 중간 선반, 때로는 동굴에서 충분히 온건하고 요새화되지 않았습니다.
재료 수단: 뛰어난 예술적 표현의 테라코타에 새겨진 장식과 의인화된 조각상이 있는 도자기.
장례 예식 : 시신을 장사하는 것으로 현대의 장례와 같이 얼굴을 위로 하여 눕는다.

Hamangia는 기원전 6천년 후반에 진화가 시작된 발칸 반도 북부의 중세 신석기 문화입니다. 그것은 Dobrogea, Muntania의 남동쪽과 불가리아의 북동쪽에 발달했습니다. 그것은 지중해의 북동쪽에서 시작되었으며 분명히 Vinca, Dudesti 및 Karanovo III 문화를 포함하는 문화 유산을 가지고 있습니다. Hamangia 문화는 지리적, 연대기적 진화에 대한 우리의 인식을 방해하는 강한 안정성을 특징으로 합니다.

Hamangia는 기원전 6천년 후반에 진화가 시작된 발칸 반도 북부의 중세 신석기 문화입니다. 그것은 Dobrogea, Muntania의 남동쪽과 불가리아의 북동쪽에 발달했습니다. 그것은 지중해의 북동쪽에서 시작되었으며 분명히 Vinca, Dudesti 및 Karanovo III 문화를 포함하는 문화 유산을 가지고 있습니다. Hamangia 문화는 지리적, 연대기적 진화에 대한 우리의 인식을 방해하는 강한 안정성을 특징으로 합니다.
이러한 보수주의는 특히 무덤에서 발견된 유물에서 장기간에 걸친 연속성에서 분명합니다. 그곳에서 발견된 점토 조각상은 뛰어난 예술가의 표현을 보여줍니다. 이웃 문화(Dudesti, Boian, Marita, Precucuteni 및 Linear Ceramic)와의 관계는 드물고 덜 중요합니다. Jos의 Ceamurlia, Baia, Medgidia, Târgusor, Durankulak 정착지와 Cernavoda 및 Durrankulak 묘지에서 더 중요한 발견이 이루어졌습니다.
Hamangia 문화는 이주가 발칸 반도와 Carpathians 사이의 지역으로 새로운 문화를 가져 왔을 때 기원전 5 천년에 사라졌습니다. 따라서 매우 역동적인 보이안 공동체는 Gumelnita 문화로 전환하는 동안 Hamangia 공동체를 동화시켰습니다. 그 동화는 흑해와 다뉴브 강 사이의 Gumelnita 문화의 과도기적 변종을 발생시키는 데 기여했습니다.

자료출처

https://www.rciusa.info/post/the-history-of-romania-in-one-object-the-thinker-and-the-sitting-woman

https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/harsova/en/hamangia-culture