Himavantaㅣ히야반타ㅣ 킨나라의 나라ㅣ천사들의 숲

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himavanta

Himavanta - Wikipedia

Himavanta (Thai: หิมพานต์; RTGS: Himmaphan; Burmese: ဟိမဝန္တာ; MLCTS: hi.ma.wanta) is a legendary forest that is said to be located at the hill of Himmanpan Mountain or the Himalayas which is derived from the Sanskrit word Himālaya (हिमालय 'abode of the snow'[1]). Himavanta appears in a Thai literature named Traibhumikatha (Thai: ไตรภูมิกถา) which explained that Himavanta is the name of the forest and the mountain where many small and large mythical creatures such as Phaya Naga (Thai: พญานาค), Phaya Krut (Thai: พญาครุฑ), and Kinnaree (Thai: กินรี), spirits or even gods or goddess are resided in. The mythical Nariphon tree (Thai: นารีผล) that often mentioned in Thai folklore, is also said to grow here. The story of Himavanta and the explanation of the three existed planes are created by the king, the philosopher who rules the Si Satchanalai (Thai: ศรีสัชนาลัย) whose name is Phaya Lithai (Thai: พญาลิไท). The secret forest someway somehow has a link with the reality as origin of some places that exist in real world are told from the story of Himavanta. Since the concept of Himavanta forest related with Buddhist cosmology, it profoundly created impacts and influences on beliefs, cultures and arts in religions (Buddhism or Hinduism) and in general.

Legend of Himavanta[edit]

In the past, back then when the earth was still flat. There was a pillar supporting the earth, pointing high towards the sun. The earth is full of various creatures, there was a normal slaughter, without mercy. The weak are the victims of the strong and most of the area is still forests which was called "Loka-Himmapan (Thai: โลกาหิมพานต์, meaning "The World of Himmapan")".

Himavanta Forest is home to many large and small animals. They are categorized into groups: birds, aquatic animals, and those on land. In the heart of the Himmapan Forest, which goes deep into the forest, there is a pillar supporting the world. Under the pillar was wrapped around with a huge carcass of fish, named Anon (Thai: อานนท์), which was a large fish in the past that used to support the world.

Not so far away, there was a rhino called 'Ra-maad (Thai: ระมาด)' that had the greatest strength in the world which no one can fight against. This rhino's strength, even the mighty serpent or the powerful Phaya Krut. Ra-maad wanted to see the beautiful 'Kinnaree', a beautiful creature half-bird, half-human. So, he tried to approach her but she hurriedly flew away, which made Ra-maad become infuriated. Kinnaree flew with high speed, so he couldn't approach her. Ra-maad picked up stones and threw them in many ways because of the wrath, and from the force of Ra-maad shook the whole place was in trouble.

After 'Phaya Krut' had heard that the Ra-maad's power made the forest in trouble, he tried to stop Ra-maad.The more he couldn't catch Kinnaree, the more irritated he became and there were also people interfering, Ra-maad then gathered all his strength to fight. The battle shook the ground. All the big and small fish were in trouble, so the serpent called Phaya Naga, went up to make a cease. Then Phaya Krut saw the old enemy, Phaya Naga, was shocked and thought that Phaya Naga meant to fight with him. So, he was defeated, battered, and collided with the serpent until the Phaya Krut died. Because of the power of the most powerful beings, they made the pillars supporting the earth tilt and hit the sun, causing the sun to split into two worlds. As a consequence, the world heated up and there was no night, only the orange sky as all of the water almost evaporated. All the Himavanta creatures have tried to find a way to escape this disaster.There was a low class who only observed the conference of all creatures in Himavanta forest, named 'Gabillapaksa (Thai: กบิลปักษา)'. Since he secretly fell in love with Kinnaree, he sat at a stone, carving Kinnaree on every shaft. He wailed about her to 'Wanekamphu (Thai: วเนกำพู)', a longtime friend, and creature that Gabillapaksa raises, named Manusa Singh (Thai: มนุษาสิงห์).

The conference did not appear in a good way because all races wanted to show off their talents whilst also flustered and panicked. The wise Phaya Naga thought that the pillars must be destroyed so that it will hit another half of the sun and fling aside. Thereby, he gathered all of his power and smashed it to that pillar. The goal was to break down the pillar but it did not succeed.

Kinnaree performed music and danced in order to make everyone at ease. It was beautiful and stunning, including Gabillapaksa too.

The king of lions called 'Kochasri (Thai: คชสีห์)' and other lions used their strength to destroy the pillars but no one succeeded. The living creatures began to die from the heat. Even Manusa Singha, Gabillapaksa's pet, was about to die. Naga (Thai: นาค, meaning "Phaya Naga" or "Serpent") then thought of the sentence he had heard, 'All things can be changed if it arises from the heart', but no one dared to prove or try, even the mighty Naga himself.

Kinnaree offered to exchange if there was anyone who could solve this crisis and would get her as a prize. Because of her incomparable beauty, the situation got worse as the beasts began to fight between others and it escalated to a big war.

Gabillapaksa, who fell in love with Kinnaree, bowed his head, held his hands at his heart, and looked at the hand then said “I only have empty hands but will be willing to face greatness to keep her up, I do not allow anyone to get her just as the prize. Whether life, even though the sunburns, even if I have to fight with the noble kings" said Gabillapaksa, as he flew up to the sky. He took out his heart with his hand and shouted, “Even though I am empty- handed but my weapon is my heart. I am willing to do it for every being in this world and it is called sacrifice.” At the end of his word, the heart in his hand transformed into a sword and flew towards the pillar. At the same time, the body of the Gabillapaksa fell to the ground. The sword of sacrifice smashed into the pillar. Suddenly, the shine, and the gig shaking is all over the world. The pillar fell and hit the sun until it was ejected away. The other half of the sun that split began to draw the sky towards the world, changing the world from the flat shape turned into an oval shape. Everythings went back as formal, Gabillapaksa's body, which his heart and his mind are gone, being held by Kinnaree. After that time, he made everyone know what scarification is, that can change the world and back to peace. Ramaad felt bad about what he did, so he changed his name to Rad (Thai: แรด, meaning "Rhino") and always did good things after that time.[2]

Thai Literature[edit]

Traibhumikatha[edit]

Triphumikatha was written in prose as descriptive rhetoric. It comes from the word "Tri (Thai: ไตร)" means 'Three' and "Phumi (Thai: ภูมิ)" means the land or world. The word ‘Phra Ruang (Thai: พระร่วง)’ is a term assigned to monarchs of the Sukhothai dynasty, to be more specific, to Phra Maha Thammaracha I. In addition, the name 'Traiphum Phra Ruang (Thai: ไตรภูมิพระร่วง)' can also be referred as "Triphumkatha (Thai: ไตรภูมิกถา)" or "Tephumkatha (Thai: เตภูมิกถา)" with the latter two being the original names of Traiphum Phra Ruang .[3]

Triphumikatha begins the story with a worship spell in Bali. There is a pane to tell the author's name, date of composing, the names of the scriptures and indicate the purpose of writing. Phra Yali Thai wrote this prose as a Dharma for his mother and to teach his people about Buddhism in order to cultivate virtue and maintain Buddhism. Triphumikatha aimed readers to acknowledge that those three planes are perishable, in other words not favourable for living. No certainty will last long, there will always be changes from time to time and no one could deny it. It is also a guide for an escape from the world (three planes) to nirvana or liberation of repeated rebirth.[4]

The three landscapes are divided into eight khans (Thai: กัณฑ์, meaning "subject", "category" or "chapter") that describe the change of things or uncertainty for both humans and animals, including non-living things such as mountains, rivers, earth, sun, moon. In this Thai poets, the ‘uncertainty’ is called "Anitja Laksana (Thai: อนิจจลักษณะ)". The three planes are named as the Kamaphumi (Thai: กามภูมิ), Rūphaphūmi (Thai: รูปภูมิ), A-Rūphap̣hūmi (Thai: อรูปภูมิ). Kamaphumi is the world of those who are still trapped in sensual desires which divided into two divisions, namely the Sukhiphumi; Manudsaphum (Thai: มนุสสภูมิ, meaning "Human world"), Sawankhaphum (Thai: สวรรคภูมิ, meaning "Heaven") and Abaiphumi; Narokphum (Thai: นรกภูมิ, meaning "Hell"), Diradcharnphum (Thai: ดิรัจฉานภูมิ, meaning "Beast world"), Phredphum (Thai: เปรตภูมิ, meaning "Jinn World") and Asuraguyphum (Thai: อสูรกายภูมิ, meaning "Monster World"). Rūphaphūmi is the land where Rūpha-Bhrama live which consists of 16 levels. Similarly, A-Rūpha-Bhrama live at A-Rūphap̣hūmi that has a total of four levels.[4]

Triphumikatha describes the nature of the universe as a circle with Mount Meru as the center of the universe. On the top of the mountain is Daowadung heaven in which Indra is the ruler and above that will be other levels of creation. The Daowadung Heaven (Thai: สวรรค์ชั้นดาวดึงส์) is the second heaven from the six Heavens, known as "Chakamaphatchara (Thai: ฉกามาพจร)". The bottom of the heavens is seven Sattribhang Mountains (Thai: เขาสัตบริภัณฑ์) in which each of them is separated by Tale See Tandorn (Thai: ทะเลสีทันดร, meaning "The Blue Sea") where Anon fish and attendant fish live and they are the cause of the universe's movements. Next to the mountain, lies a vast ocean that reaches to the edge of the universe. In the midst of this ocean, there will be four continents which is inhabited by humans, such as Uttarakuru (Thai: อุตรกุรุทวีป); the continent located in the north of Mount Meru, Bhurhawithi (Thai: บูรพวิเทหทวีป); located in the east, Jambudvipa (Thai: ชมพูทวีป); in the south and Amorn Koyan (Thai: อมรโคยานทวีป); in the west of Mount Meru . Furthermore, humans in each continent will have different identities. For instance, humans in the Uttarkuru continent have square faces and beautiful figures. Humans in Burawithha Continent have faces that were rounded as full moon whereas humans in Amornkoyan Continent have faces like the waning moon. Humans born in those three continents have a certain age and live happily because they always behave according to the 5 precepts. While humans living in Jambudvipa have oval faces and have a life expectancy that is uncertain depending on merit or karma. Nevertheless, this continent is special as it was the birthplace of the Buddha, royal emperor and Arahant. Those events offer an opportunity for humans in this continent to listen to the Dharma so that when they die, they have a chance to be born in a better realm. Down below the continents, there are eight great hells as the next realm.[3]

Author[edit]

Phra Maha Thammaracha I (Thai: พระมหาธรรมราชาที่ ๑) or Phaya Lithai was the sixth monarch of Sukhothai, the grandson of the Great King Ramkhamhaeng (Thai: พระหมารามคำแหง) has ascended the throne after Phaya Ngua Nam Thom (Thai: พญางัวนำถม). From the evidence from the stone inscription of Wat Mahathat (Thai: วัดมหาธาตุ) in 1935 BE which was discovered in 1956 BE. When Phaya Lerthai (Thai: พญาเลอไท) died in 1884 BE, Phaya Ngua Nam Thom had reigned until the Phaya Lithai army came to usurp the throne in 1890 BE. He was named as Phra Chao Sri Suriyaphongsaram Maha Thammarachathirat (Thai: พระเจ้าศรีสุริยพงสรามมหาธรรมราชาธิราช). According to the stone inscriptions, he was originally called Phaya Lithai or abbreviated as Phra Maha Thammaracha I and died in 1911 BE.[4]

After he tonsured and reigned for six years, he who admired and dedicated himself to Buddhism, had invited the Elder of Lanka to be patriarch in Sukhothai. Then he abdicated the throne in order to ordain at Pa Mamuang Temple (Thai: วัดป่ามะม่วง), outside Sukhothai to the west. Phaya Lithai was proficient in the Tripitaka and very interested in preserving, nourishing Buddhism and developing the country to prosperity, such as building Phra Ruang Road (Thai: ถนนพระร่วง) from Si Satchanalai through Sukhothai to Nakhon Chum (Thai: เมืองนครชุม, meaning "Kamphaeng Phet"), restoring the Song Khwae City (Thai: เมืองสองแคว, meaning "Phitsanulok") as the city of Luk Luang (Thai: เมืองลูกหลวง) and constructing Phra Buddha Chinnarat (Thai: พระพุทธชินราช), Buddha Chinnasi (Thai: พระพุทธชินสีห์) where the craftsmanship is exquisitely beautiful.[4]

Example of another writing by Phaya Lithai is Trai Phum Phra Ruang, the stone inscription of Wat Pa Mamuang and the stone from Wat Si Chum (Thai: วัดศรีชุม) was considered as historical evidence discussing events and traditions in the construction of Wat Phra Sri Rattana Mahathat (Thai: วัดพระศรีรัตนมหาธาตุ) ordination at Wat Pa Mamuang Temple.[4]

Religious Beliefs[edit]

In Buddhism context, Himavanta is a place that appears and is mentioned in Triphumikatha. The existence of the Himavanta itself and mythical creatures are not an issue for humans since the ones who can approach this place must be virtuous and spiritual, not just ordinary human beings. The story of the legendary forest itself has religious beliefs according to Buddhist cosmology from various Buddhist scriptures in which the universe, the cycle of death and birth of all beings in order for people to learn and know how to do good deeds and the consequences of karma that cause birth in different worlds. In the present, dedicate to do all the good deeds for merit which will surely lead to a prosperous world. The legend of the Himavanta forest has continued to influence Buddhist society in Thailand for a long time. It is often seen in various art works in religious places in forms of paintings, sculptures, decorations, writings, poems or even films and movies.[5]

In the past, the kings applied the principle of Dharma to rule their people, settle a lawsuit for their people and kingdom at that time. There will be no severe punishments but instead they have misdemeanor by implanting the concept of Hell - Heaven to cause fear of misconducts and be aware of the consequences of committing an offense. In these days, there are changes in culture and consciousness of people which can lead to decline in morality and ethics. These negative changes resulted in the use of unstandardlized laws. In fact, only those who are conscious will realize what should be done and what should not. As the phrase “Laws may be unfair but not the law of karma.”[6]

Similarly with Buddhism, Hinduism also has its own mythology about Himavanta which is similar but not identical. According to Hindu mythology, this land is known as Thepyapoom (Thai: เทพยภูมิ, meaning "The Land of Gods"). Kaohsiunggar Mountain (Thai: ยอดเขาเการีศังการ์) is the residence of Lord Shiva, the great god and the great consort who is the daughter of Himawat Mountain (Thai: ขุนเขาหิมวัต).

Lord Shiva is one of the three great gods who is responsible agriculture. It is the origin of the belief that three rivers which nourish all over Asia: Sinthu (Thai: แม่น้ำสินธุ, meaning " the Indus"), Brahmaputra (Thai: พรหมบุตร), Kongkha (Thai: แม่น้ำคงคา, meaning "The Ganges") which originated from the snowfields of the Himalayas known as his dwelling place.

Both Hindu and Buddhist myths say Mount Meru is at the center of the earth, surrounded by the sun, moon and other stars. Hindus consider Mount Krailas (Thai: ไกรลาส) in the Himalayas in Tibet as Mount Meru in which this peak is the residence of Thao Kuwen (Thai: ท้าวกุเวร), king of giants, god of wealth and god of treasure. Indra, the elder deity of the in Hindu religion, also had seated on Mount Meru during the time that he was known for the god of lightning who brings rain and fertility to the land.[7]

Description[edit]

Location[edit]

Himavanta locates in Jambudvipa which was divided into three main lands. The first land is where human beings exist, the size of the land is 3,000 yods (Thai: โยชน์, meaning "1 yod = 10 mile or 16 km."). The second sub-land is Himavanta with the size of 3,000 yods while the rest of 4,000 yods is water.[8] Himavanta  is a vast deep sacred forest on the top of a mountain soaring in the sky named Himmapan Mountain. There are a total 84,000 intricate mountain peaks and seven enormous ponds where the beautiful forest is a home for gods and is the dwelling place for sorcerers, priests, hermits, clerics and strange or bizarre mythical creatures.[9]

Geography[edit]

Himmapan Mountain is around 500 yods in height and 3,000 yods in width. The landmark of Himmapan Mountain located at the hill is a large Wha tree standing near the river bank called Sithanati (Thai: สีทานที). The branch of Wha tree is 14 yods round, 50 yods from the ground to the top, 1,000 yods from east to west, 800,000 wa (Thai: วา, meaning "1 wa = 2 m.") from north to south. In total, the area has a parameter of 2,400,000 wa.[10] The flowers of the tree have a very sweet scent and its fruit is as big as it takes an arm to reach the seed. The taste of its fruit is as sweet as honey and when it falls or touches the skin, it will have a scent of sandalwood. The birds that fed on the fruits were gigantic like an elephant or a house. What is more special is that the sap of the Wha tree when it falls into the river, it will turn into pure gold.[11]

Next to the big Wha tree, there will be forests and rivers which are a tamarind forest and a myrobalan forest. From the myrobalan forest, there will be seven great rivers. There are 7 forests in total, namely, Kurapha Forest (Thai: ป่ากุรภะ), Korbha Forest (Thai: ป่าโกรภะ), Mahaphideha Forest (Thai: ป่ามหาพิเทหะ), Tapantala Forest (Thai: ป่าตะปันทละ), Samolo Forest (Thai: ป่าโสโมโล) and Chaiyet Forest (Thai: ป่าไชยเยต). Essentially, these forests are described as special as they are a meditation place for the prayers of the righteous. In the deep forests, there are many gazelles and yaks whose fur was very precious. The mercenary people would bring yaks’ fur tail to make their own home. For food, it is divine which means there will be food for them by just thinking and fortunately, all of the foods have a good taste.[11]

For the 4,000 yods water part of Himavanta, all of it started from the Anodard pond. There are paths which let the water flow out to four ends, each end for each direction. Those four areas are Sihamuk (Thai: สีหมุข); estuary of the lion land, Hattimuk (Thai: หัตถีมุข); estuary of the elephant land, Assamuk (Thai: อัสสมุข); estuary of the horse land, Uspamuk (Thai: อุสภมุข); estuary of the bull land. Because of the four estuaries, four big rivers were created and peripherally surrounded Himavanta before draining out to the ocean. On the east, west and north, the water will flow from Anodard with three turns, no intersection with one another and will flow past the land of undead in Himmapan down to the ocean. For the south side, the water will also flow from Anodard with three turns.Then flow straight for 60 yods, emerging under the stone slab on the cliff which will turn into a 60 yods-height waterfall. The harsh water flow hit the stone slab until it broke apart and eventually turned into a large basin named Tiyakla (Thai: ติยัคคฬา). Once the water level increases to some point, it will destroy the surrounding stone. Drilling stone and soil to create a tunnel which will destinate to Vicha Mountain (Thai: วิชฌะ). The waterflow was stopped by a stone then the force pushed out the flow to form five junctions and became the main watersheds for human beings: the Kongkha, Yamuna (Thai: แม่น้ำยมุนา), Aciravati (Thai: แม่น้ำอจิรวดี), Soraphu (Thai: แม่น้ำสรภู) and Mahi (Thai: แม่น้ำมหิ) River.[9]

Locations within Himavanta[edit]

The seven large ponds are Anodard (Thai: สระอโนดาต), Gunnamunta (Thai: สระกัณณมุณฑะ), Rottagara (Thai: สระรถการะ), Chuttanna (Thai: สระฉัททันตะ), Gunala (Thai: สระกุณาละ), Muntakinee (Thai: สระมัณฑากิณี), and Srihuppata (Thai: สระสีหัปปาตะ). Anodard pond, the most well-known pond where streams of water would flow down to and is surrounded by five peaks which are considered as the largest peaks of Himavanta. The five peaks that surrounded Anodard are Suthassana (Thai: สุทัสสนะ), Chitta (Thai: จิตตะ), Gala (Thai: กาฬะ), Kanthamat (Thai: คันธมาทน์) and Krailas .[10] The size of each peak is 50 yods in width, 50 yods in length and 200 yods in height. The bottom of the pond is a psychic stone slab named Manosila (Thai: มโนศิลา) and psychic soil known as Horadarn (Thai: หรดาล, meaning "Arsenic Trisulfide"). As the water is clean and clear, it is eligible to be the abode of the Buddha, Arahants and including all powerful sorcerers such as hermits, Wittayathorn (Thai: วิทยาธร), giants, Nagas, angels, etc.[9]

Mount Suthassana is made of gold and curved in shape along the Anodard pond. The peak  of the mountain has a curved shape like a pen that wraps around above Anodard pond in order to avoid the direct exposure of sunlight and moonlight.[9]

Mount Chitta is formed from diamonds whereas Mount Gala is made of antimony, the stone of the Sinael mountain peak. The shape of these two mountain peaks are the same as Mount Suthassana.[9]

The shape of Mount Khanthamat resembles the same as Mount Suthassana. The top of the mountain is flat, the plane is rich in aromatic plants such as aromatic wood, fragrant sapwood, fragrant flower, fragrant fruit and medicinal wood. On the day of Ubosot (Thai: วันอุโบสถ, meaning "Buddhist Holy Day"), at the waning moon the mountain peak will glow like ember and at the waxing moon, the glow was even more radiant. Moreover, there is also a cave in Mount Khanthamat called Nanthamun (Thai: นันทมูล), the residence of the Buddha which is composed of gold, silver and glass.[9]

With the distinctive exterior of the snow white of Mount Krailas when exposed to sunlight, making it appears like a silver plate or a white cliff which makes it known as 'Silver Mountain'. Corresponding to the name of this place, Kailas which is a Sanskrit adverb which means 'silver'.[12] This mountain peak also has the same shape as Mount Suthassana and there is a creature that stays here, called Vimanchimplee (Thai: วิมานฉิมพลี) of Phaya Krut.[9] According to Hindu mythology, Mount Krailas is the dwelling place of Lord Shiva. On the other hand, it is the center of the universe and believed to be the same place as Mount Meru in Buddhism.[10]

Inhabitants[edit]

Gabillapaksa is a creature with combination between birds and monkeys that has wings attached to its shoulders, a tail of a bird and usually the body's color is black. For the appearance of a half-monkey and half-bird, from head to waist reminds a monkey and below waist is a winged bird. This weird monkey-creature also appeared in the Ramayana story and it was a new mixed animal.[2]

Kinnaree and Kinorn are animals whose upper body is human and the lower part is a bird with wings that allowed them to fly. According to the legend, they live in the Himmapan forest at foothills of Mount Krailas. Moreover, they are also popular in many Thai art works.[2]

 

히마반타(Himavanta, 태국어: Himmapan, 버마어: Himmapan, MLCTS: hi.ma.hyma)는 히말라야 산스크리트어 단어 히말라야(Himmālaya, 눈의 거주지)에서 유래한 전설적인 숲이다. 히마반타는 타이베이후미카타(Traibhumikatha)라는 태국 문헌에 등장하는데, 히마반타는 숲과 산의 이름으로 파야 나가(Phaya Naga), 파야 크루트(Phaya Krut), 키나레(Kinnare)와 같은 작고 큰 신화적인 생물들이 살고 있거나 심지어 신들이 살고 있는 곳이라고 설명했다. 태국 민속에서 자주 언급되는 신화적인 나리폰 나무(태국어: นรผลี)도 이곳에서 자란다고 한다. 히마반타에 대한 이야기와 존재하는 세 개의 평면에 대한 설명은 파야 리타이(태국어: ศลทไิยั)라는 이름의 시 삿차날라이(태국어: รีสลานชั)를 통치하는 철학자인 왕에 의해 만들어졌다. 그 비밀의 숲은 히마반타의 이야기로부터 현실에 존재하는 몇몇 장소들의 기원이 전해지기 때문에 어느 정도 현실과 관련이 있다. 불교의 우주론과 관련된 히마반타 숲의 개념 이후로, 그것은 종교(불교 또는 힌두교)와 일반적으로 신앙, 문화, 예술에 깊은 영향과 영향을 끼쳤다.히마반타의 전설 과거, 지구가 아직 평평했던 시절. 지구를 떠받치고 있는 기둥이 태양을 향해 높이 솟아 있었다. 지구는 다양한 생물들로 가득 차 있고, 무자비한 정상적인 학살이 있었다. 약자들은 강한 자들의 희생자들이고 그 지역의 대부분은 여전히 "힘마판의 세계"를 의미하는 "로카 힘마판" (Loka-Himmapan, 태국어: ลกาต์นาพมิห)이라고 불린 숲이다.히마반타 숲은 많은 크고 작은 동물들의 서식지입니다. 그들은 새, 수생 동물, 그리고 육지에 있는 동물로 분류된다. 깊은 숲 속으로 들어가는 힘마판 숲의 중심부에는 세계를 지탱하는 기둥이 있다. 기둥 아래에는 과거 세계를 지탱하던 큰 물고기였던 아논(Anon, 태국어: อา์ทนน)이라는 이름의 거대한 물고기 사체가 둘러져 있었다.그리 멀지 않은 곳에, 아무도 상대할 수 없는 세계에서 가장 큰 힘을 가진 '라마드'라는 코뿔소가 있었다. 이 코뿔소의 힘, 심지어 강력한 뱀이나 강력한 파야 크루트도. 라마드는 반은 새이고 반은 인간인 아름다운 생명체인 '키나리'를 보고 싶었다. 그래서 그는 그녀에게 다가가려고 했지만 그녀는 황급히 날아갔고, 이는 라마드를 격분하게 만들었다. 키나리는 빠른 속도로 날아서 그녀에게 다가갈 수 없었다. 라맛이 진노하여 돌을 주워 여러 길로 던지니, 라맛의 힘으로 온 땅이 다 흔들렸다.'파야 크루트'는 라마드의 힘으로 숲이 곤경에 처했다는 소식을 듣고 라마드를 막으려 했다.키나리를 잡지 못하면 잡을수록 짜증이 나고 참견하는 사람들도 있어 라 마드는 그때 온 힘을 모아 싸웠다. 그 전투는 땅을 뒤흔들었다. 크고 작은 물고기들이 모두 곤경에 처해 있었기 때문에, 파야 나가라는 뱀이 멈추려고 올라갔다. 그때 파야 크루트는 오랜 적 파야 나가가 충격을 받은 것을 보고 파야 나가가 자신과 싸우려는 것이라고 생각했다. 그래서 그는 파야 크루트가 죽을 때까지 패배하고, 구타당하고, 뱀과 충돌했다. 가장 강력한 존재들의 힘 때문에 지구를 떠받치는 기둥이 기울어져 태양과 부딪치게 하여 태양이 두 세계로 갈라지게 한 것이다. 그 결과, 세상은 뜨거워졌고 밤은 없었고, 물이 거의 증발하면서 오렌지색 하늘만 있었다. 모든 히마반타 생물들은 이 재앙에서 벗어날 방법을 찾기 위해 노력해왔다.히마반타 숲의 모든 생물들의 회의를 '가빌라팍사(태국어: กบลษากัป)'라는 이름의 하층민이 있었다. 그는 몰래 키나리와 사랑에 빠졌기 때문에 돌에 앉아 모든 갱도에 키나리를 조각했다. He wailed about her to 'Wanekamphu (Thai: วเนกำพู)', a longtime friend, and creature that Gabillapaksa raises, named Manusa Singh (Thai: มนุษาสิงห์).모든 인종이 자신의 재능을 뽐내고 싶어하는 동시에 당황하고 패닉에 빠졌기 때문에 컨퍼런스는 좋은 모습으로 나타나지 않았다. 현명한 파야 나가는 기둥이 파괴되어야 태양의 또 다른 반을 쳐서 한쪽으로 내동댕이쳐질 것이라고 생각했다. 그래서 그는 그의 모든 힘을 모아 그 기둥에 부쉈다. 기둥을 무너뜨리는 게 목표였지만 성공하지 못했다.키나리는 모든 사람들을 편안하게 하기 위해 음악을 연주하고 춤을 췄다. 가빌라팍사도 포함해서 아름답고 아름다웠다.사자의 왕 '코차스리(태국어: ์ชคหี)'와 다른 사자들이 힘을 이용해 기둥을 파괴했지만 아무도 성공하지 못했다. 그 생물들은 더위 때문에 죽기 시작했다. 심지어 가빌라팍사의 애완동물인 마누사 싱하도 곧 죽을 것 같았다. 나가(태국어: นาคmeaning, "파야 나가" 또는 "사슴"이라는 뜻)는 그때 들은 문장을 떠올렸다, '모든 것은 마음에서 우러나오면 바꿀 수 있다'. 그러나 아무도 감히 증명하거나 시도하지 못했고, 심지어는 그 힘센 나가 자신도 마찬가지였다.

키나리는 이 위기를 해결할 수 있고 그녀를 상품으로 받을 사람이 있다면 교환하겠다고 제안했다. 그녀의 비할 데 없는 미모 때문에 짐승들이 서로 싸우기 시작하면서 상황은 더욱 악화되었고 그것은 큰 전쟁으로 확대되었다.키나레와 사랑에 빠진 가빌라팍사는 고개를 숙이고 두 손을 가슴에 대고 그 손을 바라보다가 "나는 빈 손뿐이지만 그녀를 지탱하기 위해 기꺼이 위대함을 마주할 것이다, 나는 아무도 그녀를 상으로 얻는 것을 허락하지 않는다. 생명이, 햇볕에 그을려도, 고귀한 왕들과 싸워야만 해도." 가빌라팍사가 하늘로 날아오르며 말했다. 그는 손으로 심장을 꺼내며 "빈손이지만 무기는 마음이다. 나는 이 세상의 모든 존재를 위해 기꺼이 그것을 할 것이며 그것은 희생이라고 불린다." 말끝에 손에 든 심장이 칼로 변해 기둥을 향해 날아갔다. 그와 동시에 가빌라팍사의 시체가 땅에 떨어졌다. 희생의 칼이 기둥에 박혔다. 갑자기, 빛이 나고, 공연의 흔들림이 전 세계에 퍼진다. 기둥이 떨어져서 태양에 부딪혀 튕겨져 나갔다. 갈라진 태양의 나머지 절반은 평평한 모양에서 타원형으로 변해가며 하늘을 세상을 향해 그리기 시작했다. 마음과 마음이 사라진 가빌라팍사의 몸이 키나리에게 잡혀 모든 것이 형식적으로 돌아갔다. 그 이후로, 그는 세상을 바꾸고 평화로 돌아갈 수 있는 공포가 무엇인지 모든 사람들에게 알렸습니다. 라마드는 자신이 한 일에 대해 기분이 나빠서 이름을 라드(태국어: แดร, "리노"라는 뜻)로 바꾸고 그 이후에는 항상 좋은 일을 했다.

[2]타이 문학 Traibhumikatha Triphumikatha는 서술적 수사학으로 산문으로 쓰여졌다. 이 단어는 "Tri (태국어: รไต)"가 "세 개"와 "푸미"를 의미하는 데서 유래되었다 
(태국어: ูมิ)"는 땅 또는 세계를 의미한다. 프라 루앙(Pra Ruang, 태국어: ระวง่ร)은 수코타이 왕조의 군주들, 더 구체적으로 말하면 프라 마하 탐마라차 1세에게 주어진 용어이다. 게다가, '트라이품 프라 루앙'이라는 이름은 "Triphumkatha" 또는 "Tephumkatha" (Tephumkatha, 태국어: เาูถกิมางถภวก)로도 언급될 수 있으며, 후자의 이름은 트라이품 프라 루앙의 원래 이름의 원래 이름이다.


[3]트리푸미카타는 발리에서 예배 주문으로 이야기를 시작한다. 작가의 이름, 작곡 날짜, 경전의 이름을 알려주고 글을 쓰는 목적을 알려주는 창이 있다. 프라 얄리 타이는 이 산문을 그의 어머니를 위한 달마로서 그리고 그의 사람들에게 불교에 대해 가르치기 위해 미덕을 기르고 불교를 유지하기 위해 썼습니다. 트리푸미카타는 독자들이 이 세 개의 비행기가 썩기 쉽다는 것을 인정하는 것을 목표로 삼았다. 어떤 확신도 오래 지속되지 않을 것이고, 항상 때때로 변화가 있을 것이며 아무도 그것을 부인할 수 없을 것이다. 그것은 또한 세상(세 개의 비행기)에서 열반으로의 탈출이나 반복되는 부활의 해방을 위한 안내서이기도 하다.[4]세 가지 풍경은 산, 강, 땅, 태양, 달과 같은 무생물을 포함하여 인간과 동물 모두에게 사물의 변화나 불확실성을 묘사하는 8개의 칸(태국어: ัฑ์, "주체", "범주" 또는 "장"을 의미함)으로 나뉜다. 이 태국 시인들에서 '불확실성'은 "아니차 락사나(Anitja Laksana, 태국어: นิัษะณกลจ)"라고 불린다. The three planes are named as the Kamaphumi (Thai: กามภูมิ), Rūphaphūmi (Thai: รูปภูมิ), A-Rūphap̣hūmi (Thai: อรูปภูมิ). 카마푸미(Kamaphumi)는 감각적인 욕망에 사로잡힌 사람들의 세계로, 수키푸미(Sukhiphumi), 마누드사품(Manudsapum, 태국어: Manudsaphum), 사완하품(Sawankhapum, 태국어: 천국), 아바이푸미(Abaiphumi, 태국어: Narokphum), 나록품(จ), 나록품(ฉhell, ิhell, ัhell, ดhell, รhell, าhell, นh, 프레드품(Predpum, 태국어로 "진 세계"라는 뜻)과 아수라규품(태국어로 "괴물의 세계"라는 뜻)이 있다. 루파푸미는 16개의 층으로 이루어진 루파브라마가 살고 있는 땅이다. 비슷하게, A-루파-브라마는 총 4단계로 이루어진 A-루파후미에 산다.[4]

트리푸미카타는 우주의 자연을 메루산을 우주의 중심으로 한 원으로 묘사한다. 산 정상에는 인드라가 지배자인 다오와둥 천국이 있고 그 위에는 다른 차원의 창조물이 있을 것이다. 다오와둥 천국()은 여섯 개의 하늘에서 두 번째로 떨어진 천국으로, 차카마파차라(태국어: ฉการจ)로 알려져 있다. 하늘의 밑바닥은 일곱 개의 사트리방 산맥이다

 (Thai: เขาสัตบริภัณฑ์) in which each of them is separated by Tale See Tandorn (Thai: ทะเลสีทันดร, meaning "The Blue Sea") where Anon fish and attendant fish live and they are the cause of the universe's movements. 산 옆에는 우주의 가장자리에 이르는 광대한 바다가 놓여 있다. 이 바다 한가운데에는 우타라쿠루(태국어: อุีปวทุรุอปีวทหทูบรกรตปีวมารนยคโทวปีทเิวพูมพชinulocated(bhininailocatedthe:thmer;urcontinentthtt;am(bethere,,ofeastcontin,the:aimountnorthjamthethththe,whichuasentssuchakinocean(inthewillfoururu:ofand;i;thehumansanisksouthbythiswestof:aiwitharinhabitedhamidstoyornvip)ม(รโยาค. 


게다가, 각 대륙의 인간들은 다른 정체성을 갖게 될 것입니다. 예를 들어, 우타쿠루 대륙의 인간들은 네모난 얼굴과 아름다운 모습을 가지고 있습니다. 부라위샤 대륙의 사람들은 보름달처럼 둥근 얼굴을 가지고 있는 반면 아몬코얀 대륙의 사람들은 달처럼 작아지는 얼굴을 가지고 있다. 그 세 대륙에서 태어난 인간은 항상 5가지 계율에 따라 행동하기 때문에 일정한 나이를 가지고 행복하게 산다. 잠부드비파에 사는 인간은 얼굴이 타원형이고 수명은 능력이나 업보에 따라 불확실하다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 이 대륙은 부처, 왕황제, 아라한트의 탄생지였기 때문에 특별하다. 그 사건들은 이 대륙의 인간들에게 달마의 말을 들을 수 있는 기회를 제공하여 그들이 죽었을 때, 그들이 더 나은 영역에서 태어날 수 있는 기회를 준다.


 대륙 아래쪽에는 다음 왕국으로 8개의 거대한 지옥이 있다.[3]프라 마하 탐마라차 1세() 또는 파야 리타이()는 수코타이의 여섯 번째 군주로 람캄행 대왕의 손자이다. From the evidence from the stone inscription of Wat Mahathat (Thai: วัดมหาธาตุ) in 1935 BE which was discovered in 1956 BE. 1884년 파야 르르타이가 사망했을 때, 파야 응아 남톰은 1890년 파야 리타이 군대가 왕위를 찬탈할 때까지 통치했다. 그의 이름은 프라 차오 스리 수리야퐁사람 마하 탐마라차티랏()이다. 


비문에 따르면, 그는 원래 파야 리타이 또는 프라 마하 탐마라차 1세로 약칭되었으며 1911년에 사망했다.[4]6년 동안 삭발을 하고 통치한 후 불교를 존경하고 헌신한 그는 스리랑카의 장로를 수코타이의 총대주교로 초청했다. 그리고 나서 그는 서쪽 수코타이 외곽에 있는 파 마무앙 사원에 서품하기 위해 왕위를 포기했다. 파야 리타이는 팔만대장경에 능숙했고 불교를 보존하고, 영양을 공급하고, 나라를 번영으로 발전시키는 데 매우 관심이 있었다ng "Phitsanulok") as the city of Luk Luang (Thai: เมืองลูกหลวง) and constructing Phra Buddha Chinnarat (Thai: พระพุทธชินราช), Buddha Chinnasi (Thai: พระพุทธชินสีห์) where the craftsmanship is exquisitely beautiful.[4]파야 리타이가 쓴 또 다른 글의 예로는 타이 팜 프라 루앙(Trai Pum Prra Ruang)이 있는데, 왓 파 마무앙의 석판과 왓 시쿰(Wat Si Chum)의 석판은 파당 사원의 왓 프라 라타나 마하트(Thai Pra Sri Rattana Mahat) 건설의 사건과 전통을 논의한 역사적 증거로 간주되었다.


[4]종교적 신념불교적 맥락에서 히마반타는 트리푸미카타에 등장하고 언급되는 장소이다. 히마반타와 신화 속 생물의 존재 자체가 인간에게는 문제가 되지 않는데, 이 곳에 접근할 수 있는 자는 일반 인간이 아닌 덕망 있고 영적이어야 하기 때문이다. 전설의 숲 이야기 자체는 사람들이 선행을 배우고 알기 위해 우주, 죽음과 모든 존재의 탄생의 순환, 그리고 서로 다른 세계에서 탄생을 일으키는 업보의 결과를 다양한 불교 경전에 나오는 불교 우주론에 따른 종교적 믿음을 가지고 있다. 현재에는 반드시 번영하는 세상을 이끌어갈 공덕을 위해 모든 선행을 바치십시오. 히마반타 숲의 전설은 오랫동안 태국 불교 사회에 영향을 미쳤다. 그것은 종종 그림, 조각, 장식, 글, 시 또는 심지어 영화의 형태로 종교적인 장소의 다양한 예술 작품에서 볼 수 있다.[5]

 

과거에, 왕들은 그들의 백성들을 통치하고, 그들의 백성들과 왕국을 위한 소송을 해결하기 위해 달마의 원칙을 적용했다. 엄벌은 없을 것이고 대신 '지옥-천국'이라는 개념을 심어 범법행위에 대한 두려움을 유발하고 범법행위의 결과를 인지하게 된다. 요즘 사람들의 문화와 의식의 변화는 도덕과 윤리의 쇠퇴로 이어질 수 있다. 이러한 부정적인 변화는 표준화되지 않은 법을 사용하는 결과를 낳았다. 사실 의식이 있는 사람만이 해야 할 일과 해서는 안 될 일을 깨닫게 될 것이다. "법은 불공평할 수 있지만 업보의 법은 아니다"라는 말처럼[6]불교와 마찬가지로, 힌두교도 히마반타에 대한 그들만의 신화를 가지고 있다. 힌두교 신화에 따르면, 이 땅은 테피아품 (태국어로 "신들의 땅"이라는 뜻)으로 알려져 있다. Kaohsiunggar Mountain (Thai: ยอดเขาเการีศังการ์) is the residence of Lord Shiva, the great god and the great consort who is the daughter of Himawat Mountain (Thai: ขุนเขาหิมวัต).시바 경은 농업을 책임지는 3대 신 중 한 명이다. 아시아 전역에 영양을 공급하는 세 개의 강이 있다는 믿음의 기원이다: Sinthu (Thai: แม่น้ำสินธุ, meaning " the Indus"), Brahmaputra (Thai: พรหมบุตร), Kongkha (Thai: แม่น้ำคงคา, meaning "The Ganges") which originated from the snowfields of the Himalayas known as his dwelling place.힌두교와 불교 신화 둘 다 메루 산이 태양, 달 그리고 다른 별들에 의해 둘러싸인 지구의 중심에 있다고 말한다. 힌두교도들은 히말라야 산맥에 있는 크레일라스 산을 메루 산으로 간주한다. 힌두교에서 인드라의 연장자 신인 인드라도 메루 산에 앉아 있었는데, 그는 땅에 비와 비옥함을 가져다주는 번개의 신으로 알려져 있었다.[7]설명 위치히마반타는 잠부드비파에 위치해 있으며 세 개의 주요 영토로 나뉘어져 있다. 첫 번째 땅은 인간이 존재하는 곳으로, 땅의 크기는 3,000 야드(태국어: ยโน์ชmeaning, "1 야드 = 10마일 또는 16km"라는 뜻)이다. 두 번째 아열대는 히마반타로 3,000 야드의 크기이고 나머지 4,000 야드는 물이다.[8] 히마반타는 힘마판 산이라는 이름의 하늘로 솟은 산 정상에 있는 거대한 깊은 신성한 숲이다. 총 84,000개의 복잡한 산봉우리와 7개의 거대한 연못이 있는데, 그곳의 아름다운 숲은 신들의 집이며 마법사, 사제, 은둔자, 성직자, 그리고 이상하거나 기괴한 신화적인 생물들의 거주지이다.[9]지리 힘마판 산은 높이가 약 500 야드, 폭이 약 3,000 야드이다. 언덕에 위치한 힘마판 산의 랜드마크는 시타나티(태국어: สีาีทนท)라고 불리는 강둑 근처에 서 있는 큰 와 나무이다. 와 나무의 가지는 14 야드 길이로 땅에서 꼭대기까지 50 야드, 동서로 1,000 야드, 남북으로 80만 와(태국어: วา, "1 와 = 2 m")이다. 총 면적은 2,400,000wa의 매개변수를 갖는다.[10] 그 나무의 꽃들은 매우 달콤한 향기를 가지고 있고 그것의 열매는 씨앗에 닿기 위해 팔이 필요한 만큼 크다. 열매의 맛은 꿀처럼 달콤하며 떨어지거나 피부에 닿으면 백단향이 난다. 과일을 먹는 새들은 코끼리나 집처럼 거대했다. 더욱 특별한 것은 와 나무의 수액이 강물에 빠지면 순금으로 변한다는 것이다.[11]큰 와 나무 옆에는 타마린드 숲과 미로발란 숲인 숲과 강이 있을 것이다. 미로발란 숲에서부터, 7개의 큰 강이 있을 것이다. 총 7개의 숲, 즉 쿠라파 숲(태국어: ่าหะภระปาตะลปภโมละโหรไาส่ชททยตโยเเนิาัพปาม่ะุกปกโ่ปาา่่ปปthereinchthandforests:aith:tapsamforestththai((((ainamelyaiareaphmahkur:7total,kor:,th:thai:forestyet(aioloforest(aiforestalaโลbaantaphha),ป)ม่าโไตชforestยสย),),),ุก. 본질적으로, 이 숲들은 의인들의 기도를 위한 명상 장소로서 특별하게 묘사된다. 깊은 숲에는 털이 매우 귀했던 가젤과 야크들이 많이 있습니다. 용병들은 야크의 털꼬리를 가져와 자신들의 집을 만들곤 했다. 음식은 생각만 해도 먹을 것이 있다는 뜻으로 신통하고 다행히 모든 음식이 맛이 좋다.[11]

 

히마반타의 4,000 야드의 물 부분은 모두 아노다르 연못에서 시작되었다. 물이 네 개의 끝으로 흐르게 하는 경로가 있는데, 각각의 끝은 각 방향으로 흐릅니다. Those four areas are Sihamuk (Thai: สีหมุข); estuary of the lion land, Hattimuk (Thai: หัตถีมุข); estuary of the elephant land, Assamuk (Thai: อัสสมุข); estuary of the horse land, Uspamuk (Thai: อุสภมุข); estuary of the bull land. 4개의 하구 때문에, 4개의 큰 강이 만들어졌고 히마반타를 둘러싸고 바다로 빠져나갔다. 동쪽, 서쪽, 북쪽에서 물은 아노다르에서 세 바퀴를 돌면서 서로 교차하지 않고 힘마판의 언데드 땅을 지나 바다로 흘러갈 것이다. 남쪽의 경우, 물도 아노다르에서 세 바퀴를 돌면서 흐를 것이다.그리고 나서 60요드 동안 똑바로 흐르며, 60요드 높이의 폭포로 변할 절벽의 돌판 아래로 모습을 드러납니다. 거친 물의 흐름은 석판이 부서질 때까지 부딪혔고 결국 티야클라(Tiyakla, 태국어: ติฬาคคั)라는 이름의 큰 분지로 변했습니다. 일단 수위가 어느 정도 높아지면, 그것은 주변의 돌을 파괴할 것이다. 돌과 흙을 뚫어 비차 산(태국어: วชะฌ)으로 향하는 터널을 만듭니다. 물의 흐름은 돌에 의해 막혔고 그 힘은 다섯 개의 분기점을 형성했고 인간의 주요 분수령이 되었다: 콩카 강, 야무나 강, 아시라바티 강, 소라푸 강, 마히 강.[9]히마반타 내의 위치7개의 큰 연못은 아노다르(태국어: ะสะะะตสะลาสุณสฑณุมณณรัาตกถรกัณมฑากิะณีรนัททัฉระาโดนอกระะรสะรสสรtheare:aichlarge(srisevenmanandodththgunai:aigun:rotththaiponds(:theth(na::utine((th(:aiardalappaiสuntaitagสakatatanarahuฑาณัnam(unมtaก)이다. 아노다르 연못은 히마반타의 가장 큰 봉우리로 여겨지는 다섯 개의 봉우리로 둘러싸여 있는 가장 유명한 연못이다. 아노다르를 둘러싼 다섯 개의 봉우리는 수타사나, 치타, 갈라, 칸타마트, 크레일라스이다.[10] 각 봉우리의 크기는 폭 50요드, 길이 50요드, 높이 200요드이다. 연못 바닥에는 마노실라(마노실라)라는 이름의 심령석판과 호라단(호라단, 아르세닉 트리설파이드)이라는 이름의 심령토가 있다. 물이 깨끗하고 맑기 때문에, 그것은 부처, 아라한트 그리고 은자, 비타야톤 (태국어: วิทรธายth),ร), 거인, 나가, 천사 등과 같은 모든 강력한 마법사들의 거주지가 될 자격이 있다.[9]수타사나 산은 금으로 만들어졌고 아노다르 연못을 따라 구부러진 모양이다. 산꼭대기는 햇빛과 달빛이 직접적으로 노출되지 않도록 아노다르 연못 위를 휘감는 펜처럼 곡선 형태를 띠고 있다.[9]치타 산은 다이아몬드로 형성된 반면 갈라 산은 시나엘 산봉우리의 돌인 안티몬으로 만들어졌다. 이 두 산봉우리의 모양은 수타사나 산과 같다.[9]칸타마트 산의 모양은 수타사나 산과 비슷하다. 산 정상은 평평하고, 비행기에는 향기로운 나무, 향기로운 수액나무, 향기로운 꽃, 향기로운 과일과 약재와 같은 향기로운 식물들이 풍부하다. 우보소트(태국어: ันอโบสถุวmeaning", "불교의 성스러운 날"이라는 뜻)의 날에, 지는 달에는 산봉우리가 불처럼 빛나고, 밀랍으로 만든 달에는 그 빛이 훨씬 더 빛났다. 또한 칸타마트 산에는 금, 은, 유리로 구성된 부처의 거주지인 난타문(南ท門, 태국어: ันมลู)이라고 불리는 동굴이 있다.[9]크라일라스 산의 백설공주는 햇빛을 받으면 눈이 하얗게 내리쬐는 독특한 외관으로 은판이나 하얀 절벽처럼 보여 '은산'으로 불린다. 이곳의 이름에 해당하는 카일라스는 '은'을 뜻하는 산스크리트어 부사이다.[12] 이 산봉우리는 또한 수타사나 산과 같은 모양을 하고 있으며, 파야 크루트의 비만심플레 (태국어: ิวพลีมิฉ)라고 불리는 생물이 여기에 머물고 있다.[9] 힌두교 신화에 따르면, 크레일라스 산은 시바 영주의 거주지이다. 반면에, 그것은 우주의 중심이며 불교의 메루산과 같은 장소라고 믿어진다.[10]주민 가빌라팍사는 새와 원숭이가 결합된 생물로 어깨에 날개가 달려 있고, 꼬리는 새의 꼬리이며 보통 몸의 색깔은 검은색이다. 반원숭이와 반새의 모습은 머리부터 허리까지 원숭이를 연상시키며, 허리 아래는 날개 달린 새이다. 이 이상한 원숭이 생명체는 라마야나 이야기에도 등장했고 그것은 새로운 혼합 동물이었습니다.[2]키나리와 키노른은 상체가 사람이고 하체가 날 수 있게 해준 날개를 가진 새인 동물이다. 전설에 따르면, 그들은 크레일라스 산기슭의 힘마판 숲에서 산다. 게다가, 그들은 또한 많은 태국 예술 작품에서 인기가 있습니다.[2]

 

                                                      프라 파톰 체디에 있는 나리폰 나무의 태국 옻칠 그림

                                             Thai lacquerwork painting of the Nariphon tree at Phra Pathom Chedi

Phra Pathommachedi - Wikipedia

Kinnaree

 

Kinnaree

 

Kinorn

The strange creatures are often destined to live in the Himmapan forest, which the current position corresponds to the forest at the foot of the Himalayas in the real world.[2]

The serpent called Phaya Naga is a wonderful beast who has a special feature to transform its body. It has power and lives close to human because it can transform or disguise into a human.[2]

 

Phaya Naga

Garuda (Thai: ครุฑ) is the serpent of birds that is the vehicle of Lord Vishnu. In the form of a half-eagle blessed to be immortal, no weapon can be destroyed, even the lightning of Indra.[2] Garuda has another name "Suban (Thai: สุบรรณ)" which means "magic fur". Garuda is a large animal that have great power and strength, strong and able to fly quickly. It also has great intelligence, wit, humility, respect and admiration.[2]

 

Garuda

The word “ramaad” in Khmer means rhinoceros. Ramaad is a Himmapan creature that inspired from a real existed animal, but it might be distorted because Ramad or rhinoceros are rare wild animals. Therefore, the people in the past could only draw according to the description from story. Ramad that appears in Thai art looks like a tapir whose nose is like a short trunk and Malayan Tapir is a species of tapir lives in the west region of Thailand.[2]

Wanekamphu is an animal that looks similar to a monkey and a mollusk. Top half of its body is a monkey while the bottom half is a mollusk, it lives in water and eats fruit as food.[2]

It can be considered that most of the animals in the Himmapan forest are classified as lions, it probably because lions are majestic creatures and formidable.[2]

Lions in Himmapan can be categorised into two main types; lions and mixed lions, which are high-powered animals.[2]

Kodchasri is a mixed lion with a lion body and has the head of an elephant. According to the texts, it has the same power as an elephant and a lion combined. which is regarded as a formidable animal.[2]

 

Kodchasri

Sukrontee (Thai: สุกรนที) is a mythical creature that cross between a pig and a fish. From the top to the waist is a pig and from the waist down is a fish, this why its habitat is under water.[2]

Macha-Mangorn (Thai: มัจฉามังกร) has appearance of both a dragon and a fish. The upper half from the waist to the waist is a dragon, from the waist down there was a fish figure, it also lives underwater like Sukorntee[2]

Etymology notes[edit]

The Thai word for cashew, mamuanghimmaphan (มะม่วงหิมพานต์) literally means the mango (mamuang, มะม่วง) of Himmaphan/Himavanta.

키나리

키노른
이 이상한 생물들은 종종 힘마판 숲에서 살 운명인데, 현재 위치는 현실 세계의 히말라야 산기슭에 있는 숲에 해당한다.[2]

파야나가라고 불리는 뱀은 자신의 몸을 변형시키는 특별한 특징을 가진 멋진 짐승입니다. 그것은 인간으로 변장하거나 변장할 수 있기 때문에 힘이 있고 인간과 가까이 산다.[2]


파야나가
가루다(, 태국어: ฑคุร)는 비슈누 신의 탈것인 새들의 뱀이다. 불멸의 축복을 받은 반독수리의 형태로, 어떤 무기도 파괴할 수 없고, 심지어 인드라의 번개도 파괴할 수 없다.[2] 가루다는 "마법의 모피"를 의미하는 다른 이름 "수반"을 가지고 있다. 가루다는 큰 힘과 힘을 가지고 있고, 강하고 빠르게 날 수 있는 큰 동물입니다. 그것은 또한 훌륭한 지성, 재치, 겸손, 존경 그리고 감탄을 가지고 있습니다.[2]


가루다
크메르어로 "라마드"라는 단어는 코뿔소를 의미합니다. 라마드는 실제 존재하는 동물에서 영감을 얻은 힘마판 생물이지만 라마드나 코뿔소가 희귀 야생동물이라 왜곡됐을 수 있다. 그러므로, 과거의 사람들은 이야기의 묘사에 따라서만 그림을 그릴 수 있었다. 태국 미술에 등장하는 라마는 코가 짧은 코처럼 생긴 타피르를 닮았고 말레이 타피르는 태국 서부 지역에 서식하는 타피르 종입니다.[2]

Wanekamphu는 원숭이와 연체동물과 비슷하게 생긴 동물입니다. 상반신은 원숭이이고 하반신은 연체동물이며, 물 속에서 살며 과일을 먹이로 먹는다.[2]

힘마판 숲에 있는 대부분의 동물들이 사자로 분류되는 것은 아마도 사자가 장엄한 동물이고 만만치 않기 때문일 것이다.[2]

힘마판의 사자는 크게 두 종류로 나눌 수 있다: 힘이 센 동물인 사자와 잡종 사자.[2]

코드차스리는 사자의 몸을 가진 혼혈 사자이며 코끼리의 머리를 가지고 있다. 본문에 따르면, 그것은 코끼리와 사자를 합친 것과 같은 힘을 가지고 있다. 무시무시한 동물로 여겨집니다.[2]


꼬드차스리
수크론테 (태국어: สีุกรน)는 돼지와 물고기 사이를 넘나드는 신화 속의 동물이다. 위에서 허리까지는 돼지, 아래에서 아래로는 물고기로 서식지가 물속인 이유다.[2]

마차망고른(태국어: มัฉงกรัมาจ)은 용과 물고기의 모습을 모두 가지고 있다. 허리에서 허리까지의 상반신은 용이고, 허리에서 아래로 물고기 형상이 있었고, 또한 수콘티처럼 물속에서 산다[2]

어원 노트
The Thai word for cashew, mamuanghimmaphan (มะม่วงหิมพานต์) literally means the mango (mamuang, มะม่วง) of Himmaphan/Himavanta.

References[edit]

1. ^ "MW Cologne Scan". www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ส้มป่อย (2019). "ตำนานป่าหิมพานต์". Blockdit. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Cherdharun, J. (2021). "ไตรภูมิพระรวง ตอนมนุสสภูมิ ชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 6 วิชาภาษาไทย". Startdee. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Pansasiri (2018). "ไตรภูมิพระร่วง หนังสือสอนนรก-สวรรค์ในสมัยกรุงสุโขทัย". Winnews. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
5. ^ "รู้ไว้ใช่ว่า...ตอน "ป่าหิมพานต์ ป่าในตำนาน"". Culture. 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
6. ^ PhraManeeporn Kanthikaro, Phramaha Daosayam Vajirapañño (2021). "BELIEF IN HIMMAPAN FOREST TO INFLUENCE ON BUDDHIST ARTS". Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
7. ^ Pralongchoeng, K. (4 May 2017). "ฟากฟ้าป่าหิมพานต์". Thairath. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
8. ^ รายทางทีมนิตยสารหน่วย’ตูน (2020). "ท่องป่าหิมพานต์". Thairath. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g "ป่าหิมพานต์". Kingkarnk288. 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b c Sirimanathon, J.; O-sod, N.; Sithita, R. "สถานที่ในป่าหิมพานต์". Himmapan Team. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
11. ^ Jump up to:a b Putnark, V. (19 March 2021). "'วันนึงฉันเดินเข้าป่าหิมพานต์' ชวนไปสำรวจแลนมาร์ก หาจุดเช็คอินในป่าหิมพานต์เมืองทิพย์". The Matter. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
12. ^ "เขาไกรลาส – ป่าหิมพานต์ : ต้นกำเนิดแห่งสายน้ำอันเป็นเส้นเลือดใหญ่ที่หล่อเลี้ยงชีวิตผู้คนนับล้านบนชมพูทวีป". Seub. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

External links[edit]

• Himmapan: The Mythical Creatures of the East

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