페니키아인과 가나안인, 바다 민족과 블레셋인의 기원 2/ORIGIN OF THE PHOENICIANS AND CANAANITES, SEA PEOPLES AND PHILISTINES

2023. 2. 24. 15:48카테고리 없음

Pierre Grandet wrote: “In year eight, Egypt was faced with another threat of invasion—this time on its Mediterranean shore and its northeastern frontier—by a group of peoples of probable heterogeneous ethnicity, but whom the Egyptians clearly perceived as a kind of confederation of related tribes. This perception was mainly due to two features common to all these tribes: their being equipped with Mycenaean weaponry and their geographical origin being “their isles” or “the sea,” an Egyptian designation for the Aegean world, the confederation comprised two main peoples: the Pulasti and the Sikala, helped by the lesser Shakalusha , Danuna , and Washasha , Peleset, Shekelesh, Denen , and Weshesh ). [Source: Pierre Grandet, 2014, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 2013 escholarship.org ]

“Less than one generation earlier, a group of peoples of the same origin (including the Shakalusha ), had been party to an attempted Libyan invasion of Egypt in year five of Merenptah, and had been dubbed “Peoples of the Sea” in the commemorative inscription of this king’s victory. Some of them had been known to the Egyptians as sea-raiders and mercenaries since the reign of Akhenaten, in the 18 th Dynasty, and took to plundering the Nile Delta and other parts of the Mediterranean in the following centuries. When captured, they were often included in the Egyptian elite troops, as the Shardana of Ramesses II’s guard at the battle of Qadesh— a position that they still retained under Ramesses III.” “Around 1200 BCE, these peoples began a large and destructive migration to the south and east of the Aegean. While the bulk of them proceeded by land, their advance was preceded by nautical raids against the coast and the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean. C ilicia, Cyprus, Ugarit, and even the Hatti fell to their attacks, which reached inland as far as Karkemish on the Euphrates. In year eight of Ramesses III, they invaded Amurru, whose territory adjoined Egypt’s, where they took the time to regroup their forces before moving south, allowing the pharaoh to mobilize his forces.

피에르 그랑제트는 "8년째, 이집트는 지중해 연안과 북동쪽 국경에서 이집트인들이 서로 다른 민족으로 생각하는 집단에 의해 또 다른 침략의 위협에 직면했다. 이러한 인식은 주로 이 모든 부족들에게 공통된 두 가지 특징 때문이었다: 그들은 미케네 무기를 갖추고 지리적으로 "그들의 섬" 또는 에게 해 세계에 대한 이집트식 지명인 "바다"를 가지고 있었고, 연합은 풀라스티족과 시칼라족의 두 주요 민족으로 구성되어 있었다: 작은 샤칼루샤, 다누나족의 도움을 받았다d 와샤샤, 펠레셋, 셰켈레쉬, 데넨, 베셰쉬). [출처: Pierre Grandet, 2014, UCLA 이집트학 백과사전, 2013 escholarship.org ]

"한 세대도 채 되지 않아, 같은 출신의 사람들(샤칼루샤 포함)이 메렌프타 5년에 리비아의 이집트 침공 시도에 가담했고, 이 왕의 승리를 기념하는 비문에서 "바다의 사람들"로 불렸다. 그들 중 일부는 18세기 아케나텐의 통치 이래로 이집트인들에게 해상 공격자와 용병으로 알려졌고, 다음 세기에 나일 삼각주와 지중해의 다른 지역들을 약탈했다. 그들은 카데슈 전투에서 람세스 2세의 샤르다나의 호위병으로 이집트 정예 부대에 포함되기도 했다." 기원전 1200년경, 이들은 에게 해 남부와 동부로 대규모 파괴적인 이주를 시작했다. 그들의 대부분은 육로로 진행되었지만, 그들의 진격은 해안과 지중해 동부의 섬들에 대한 해상 공격으로 선행되었다. 킬리키아, 키프로스, 우가리트, 심지어 하티까지 그들의 공격에 떨어졌고, 이 공격은 유프라테스 강의 카르케미시까지 내륙으로 도달했다. 람세스 3세 8년, 그들은 이집트 영토와 인접한 아무루를 침공하여, 남쪽으로 이동하기 전에 군대를 재편성하여 파라오가 그의 군대를 동원할 수 있도록 했다.

 

Egyptian relief of Sea People prisoners바다 민족 포로들에 대한 이집트의 구제

 

Ramses III Defeats the Sea Peoples

The Sea Peoples This great movement of people was well armed and desperate. Mark Millmore wrote in iscoveringegypt.com: “The Sea Peoples were on the move. They had, by now, desolated much of the Late Bronze Age civilizations and were ready to make a move on Egypt. A vast horde was marching south with a huge fleet at sea supporting the progress on land. To counter this threat Ramses acted quickly. He established a defensive line in Southern Palestine and requisitioned every available ship to secure the mouth of the Nile. Dispatches were sent to frontier posts with orders to stand firm until the main army could be brought into action. [Source: Mark Millmore, discoveringegypt.com ^^^]

“The clash, when it came was a complete success for the Egyptians. The Sea Peoples, on land, were defeated and scattered but their navy continued towards the eastern Nile delta. Their aim now, was to defeat the Egyptian navy and force an entry up the river. Although the Egyptians had a reputation as poor seamen they fought with the tenacity of those defending their homes. Ramses had lined the shores with ranks of archers who kept up continuous volleys of arrows into the enemy ships when they attempted to land. Then the Egyptian navy attacked using grappling hooks to haul in the enemy ships. In the brutal hand to hand fighting which ensued the Sea People are utterly defeated. ^^^

The advance of the Sea Peoples was finally stopped in the Nile delta and their power was broken. Some of the them, including the biblical Philistines and the Phoenicians — both of whom are regarded as descendants of the Sea Peoples — settled in Palestine and The Levant respectively. With the exception of the defense against the attack from the Libyans, the rest of Ramses III’s long reign was peaceful.

Pierre Grandet wrote: “Medinet Habu sources, both textual and iconographic, reduce this campaign to two main battles, addressing the twofold threat the Sea Peoples represented: first, the repelling of an attempted landing by a group of enemy ships, crushed between Egyptian warships coming from the high sea and Ramesses III’s infantry waiting for them on the shore; and second, an inland battle, fought against a migrating group of the same invaders, who possessed chariotry and were accompanied by carriages laden with their women, their children, and all their belongings . Although a precise localization of both these battles is impossible, our sources locate them on the shore of the Delta and in “Djahy,” an Egyptian name for Canaan. [Source: Pierre Grandet, 2014, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology,

2013 escholarship.org ]

 

람세스 3세, 바다 민족을 물리치다
바다 사람들 이 위대한 사람들의 움직임은 잘 무장되어 있었고 필사적이었다. 마크 밀모어는 iscoveringegypt.com에 다음과 같이 썼다: "바다 사람들은 이동 중이었다. 그들은, 지금쯤, 후기 청동기 문명의 대부분을 황폐화시켰고, 이집트에 진출할 준비가 되어 있었다. 거대한 무리가 거대한 함대를 이끌고 남쪽으로 진군하고 있었다. 이 위협에 대항하기 위해 람세스는 신속하게 행동했다. 그는 남부 팔레스타인에 방어선을 구축하고 나일 강 하구를 확보하기 위해 모든 배를 징발했다. 본대가 활동할 수 있을 때까지 굳건히 서라는 명령과 함께 국경 초소에 파견되었다. [출처: Mark Millmore, discoveringegypt.com ^^^]

"이 충돌이 일어났을 때 이집트인들은 완전히 성공했다. 바다 민족은 육지에서 패배하고 뿔뿔이 흩어졌지만, 그들의 해군은 동쪽 나일 삼각주를 향해 계속 나아갔다. 그들의 목표는 이집트 해군을 물리치고 강으로 진입하는 것이었다. 비록 이집트인들은 가난한 선원으로 명성이 높았지만, 그들은 그들의 집을 지키는 사람들의 끈기로 싸웠다. 람세스는 적함들이 상륙을 시도할 때 계속해서 화살을 퍼붓는 궁수들의 대열을 해안에 늘어놓았다. 그리고 나서 이집트 해군은 적함을 끌어오기 위해 갈고리를 사용하여 공격했다. 바다 사람들이 이어진 잔인한 손싸움에서 완전히 패배했다. ^^^

바다 민족의 진격은 마침내 나일강 삼각주에서 중단되었고 그들의 세력은 붕괴되었다. 그들 중 일부는 성경에 나오는 블레셋 사람들과 페니키아 사람들 - 둘 다 바다 민족의 후손들로 여겨지며 각각 팔레스타인과 레반트에 정착했다. 리비아인들의 공격에 대한 방어를 제외하고, 람세스 3세의 긴 통치 기간의 나머지는 평화로웠다.

피에르 그랑제트는 다음과 같이 썼다: "문헌과 도상학 모두에서, 이 전투를 두 가지 주요 전투로 축소하여, 바다 민족이 대표하는 두 가지 위협을 다루었다: 첫째, 높은 바다에서 오는 이집트 군함과 람세스 3세의 보병 사이에서 격파된 적함의 상륙 시도를 격퇴했다그들은 해안에서, 그리고 두 번째 내륙 전투는 전차를 소유하고 그들의 여성, 그들의 아이들, 그리고 그들의 모든 소지품을 실은 마차를 동반한 같은 침략자들의 이주 집단과 싸웠다. 비록 이 두 전투의 정확한 위치 파악은 불가능하지만, 우리의 자료에 따르면 삼각주의 해안과 가나안의 이집트 이름인 "Djahy"에서 이 전투들을 찾을 수 있습니다. [출처: Pierre Grandet, 2014, UCLA 이집트학 백과사전, 2013 escholarship.org ]

Philistines


 The great enemies of the post-Moses Hebrews were the Philistines, a tribe that arrived in Canaan from Crete and lived along the Mediterranean coast in cities like Ekron (20 miles southwest of Jerusalem). Delilah was sent by the Philistines to discover Samson's strength. The Philistines themselves killed the Hebrew King Saul. Goliath, the giant slain by David, was also a Philistine.

The Philistines were a seafaring people that settled on the Palestine coast in the 12th century B.C. They brought early Greek culture to Holy Land and are thought to have originated from Aegean region. They were one of about a half dozen or more Sea People that arrived in the eastern Mediterranean in the 12th century B.C. The were expert metalsmiths and similar to Phoenicians in some ways.

In the Bible the Philistines were characterized as thugish destroyers. The word Philistine has come to mean a hedonistic, uneducated person. The American Heritage Dictionary defines a Philistine as a “smug, ignorant, especially middle-class person who is regarded as being indifferent or antagonistic to artistic and cultural values.”

The word Palestine was coined by the Romans and derived from Philistia, or "land of the Philistines." The Bible is the only lengthy written source on the Philistines. The bad rap the Philistines get seems to be based on the fact hat they fought with the Israelites for the better part of two centuries.

Philistines and the Historical Record


 Philistines were referred to by the Egyptians as the People from the Sea. They were defeated by the armies of Ramses II in the 12th century B.C. and later hired out as mercenaries. The historical record on them between 1,000 and 600 B.C. is sketchy. In 603 B.C. they, like the Hebrews, were conquered by the Assyrians. After that there is no reference to them in the historical record.

In the late 1980s, archaeologists discovered the remains of Ekron, a 60-acre walled city with around 6,000 residents before it was destroyed in 603 B.C. Instead of being a civilization of pleasure-seeking ignoramuses, archaeologists found that the Philistines were an industrious, innovative Iron Age civilization that grew rich from selling olives and dying cloth, and developed sophisticated metal tools and olive crushing machines.

The Philistines occupied Ashkelon from 1175 B.C. to 604 B.C. , when the city was sacked by the neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar. They dominated four other major cities in the region around the same time. Among the interesting things that archaeologists have dug up in Ashkelon from the Philistine period are a large winery with a storehouse and a burial ground for dogs. A thick layer of charred wood and debris marks the sacking of the city by the Babylonians. In one building the skeleton of a woman — whose skull had been smashed by a blunt instrument — was found. Nebuchadnezzar is said to have destroyed Ashkelon to send a warning to cities in the region of what would await them if they sided with the Egyptians.

On the discovery of a puppy in pot, Paula Wapnish, an animal bone specialist at the University of Alabama, told National Geographic, “We think that somebody killed it and placed it in a pit in the ground.” Team member Brian Hesse added, “The pot has char marks. I think someone was probably cooking the puppy for food but never came back for it.” Stager thinks the puppy was buried in a pot that was already charred to bring good fortune for the building it was buried under.

The artifacts that archaeologists have turned in Ashkelon from the Philistine period shows that Philistines were a very advanced people. While the Israelite were making crude, unadorned pottery, the Philistines were decorating their ceramics with designs similar to those produced in Mycenaean Greece, the civilization that defeated Troy in Homeric legend.

Stager believes the Philistines were Greeks. He bases his arguments on: 1) similarities between the Samson and Delilah story and the myths of Hercules and a Greek myth with a figure that loses it power when its hair is cut; 2) evidence that Goliath wore Mycenaean-style battle gear; and 3) animal bones remains that indicate the Philistines ate a lot pigs, a common practice among the Greeks but not among the Canaanites.

 

블레셋 사람


 포스트 모세 히브리인들의 가장 큰 적은 크레타에서 가나안에 도착하여 에크론(예루살렘 남서쪽 20마일)과 같은 도시의 지중해 연안에 살았던 부족인 블레셋 사람들이었다. 들릴라는 삼손의 힘을 발견하기 위해 블레셋 사람들에 의해 보내졌다. 블레셋 사람들이 직접 히브리 왕 사울을 죽였다. 다윗에게 죽임을 당한 거인 골리앗도 블레셋 사람이었다.

블레셋 사람들은 기원전 12세기에 팔레스타인 해안에 정착한 뱃사람들이었다. 그들은 성지에 초기 그리스 문화를 가져왔고 에게 해 지역에서 기원한 것으로 생각된다. 그들은 기원전 12세기에 지중해 동부에 도착한 약 6개 혹은 그 이상의 바다 사람들 중 하나였다. 그들은 숙련된 금속 세공사였고 어떤 면에서는 페니키아인들과 비슷했다.

성경에서 블레셋 사람들은 흉포한 파괴자들로 특징지어졌다. '필리스티나'라는 단어는 쾌락주의적이고 교육받지 못한 사람을 의미하게 되었다. 미국 유산 사전은 "필리핀인은 예술적, 문화적 가치에 무관심하거나 적대적인 것으로 간주되는 거만하고 무지한, 특히 중산층 사람"이라고 정의한다

팔레스타인이라는 단어는 로마인들에 의해 만들어졌고 "블레셋 사람들의 땅"인 블레셋에서 유래되었습니다 성경은 블레셋 사람들에 대한 유일한 장문의 문헌이다. 블레셋 사람들이 받는 나쁜 비난은 그들이 2세기의 대부분을 이스라엘 사람들과 싸웠다는 사실에 근거한 것으로 보인다.

블레셋과 역사 기록


 이집트인들은 블레셋 사람들을 바다에서 온 사람들이라고 불렀다. 그들은 기원전 12세기에 람세스 2세의 군대에 패배했고 나중에 용병으로 고용되었다. 기원전 1,000년에서 600년 사이의 그들에 대한 역사적 기록은 대략적이다. 기원전 603년에 그들은 히브리인들과 마찬가지로 아시리아인들에 의해 정복되었다. 그 후 역사적 기록에는 그들에 대한 언급이 없다.

1980년대 후반, 고고학자들은 기원전 603년에 파괴되기 전까지 약 6,000명의 거주자가 거주하는 60에이커의 벽으로 둘러싸인 도시인 에크론의 유적을 발견했다. 고고학자들은 쾌락을 추구하는 무지의 문명이 되는 대신에, 블레셋 사람들이 올리브를 팔고 죽어가는 천을 팔면서 부자가 된 근면하고 혁신적인 철기 시대 문명이라는 것을 발견했고, 정교한 금속 도구와 올리브 분쇄기를 개발했다.

기원전 1175년부터 기원전 604년까지 블레셋 사람들은 신 바빌로니아 왕 네부카드네자르에 의해 도시가 약탈당했을 때 아슈켈론을 점령했다. 그들은 비슷한 시기에 그 지역의 다른 4개의 주요 도시들을 지배했다. 고고학자들이 필리스틴 시대부터 아슈켈론에서 발굴한 흥미로운 것들 중에는 창고와 개들의 묘지가 있는 큰 와이너리가 있다. 검게 그을린 나무와 잔해의 두꺼운 층은 바빌로니아인들이 도시를 약탈했음을 나타낸다. 한 건물에서 둔기에 의해 두개골이 부서진 한 여성의 해골이 발견되었다. 네부카드네자르는 이집트인들의 편을 들면 그들을 기다리고 있는 것에 대한 경고를 보내기 위해 아슈켈론을 파괴했다고 전해진다.

앨라배마 대학의 동물 뼈 전문가인 폴라 와프니쉬는 내셔널 지오그래픽에 "누군가가 강아지를 죽이고 땅 속 구덩이에 넣었을 것으로 생각한다"고 말했다 팀 멤버 브라이언 헤세는 "냄비에 차 자국이 있다. 누군가가 강아지를 음식으로 요리하고 있었을지도 모르지만 다시는 돌아오지 않았다고 생각합니다." Stager는 강아지가 묻힌 건물에 행운을 가져다 주기 위해 이미 그을린 화분에 묻혔다고 생각한다.

고고학자들이 필리스틴 시대부터 아슈켈론에서 돌린 공예품들은 블레셋 사람들이 매우 진보된 민족이었다는 것을 보여준다. 이스라엘 사람들이 장식되지 않은 조잡한 도자기를 만드는 동안, 블레셋 사람들은 호메로스 전설에서 트로이를 물리친 문명인 미케네 그리스에서 생산된 것과 비슷한 디자인으로 도자기를 장식하고 있었다.

스타거는 블레셋 사람들이 그리스인이었다고 믿는다. 그는 다음과 같이 주장한다: 1) 삼손과 들릴라 이야기와 헤라클레스의 신화 사이의 유사점, 그리고 머리카락이 잘리면 힘을 잃는 형상의 그리스 신화, 2) 골리앗이 미케네식 전투 장비를 착용했다는 증거, 3) 블레셋 사람들이 돼지를 많이 먹었다는 동물의 뼈, 이것은 그리스인들 사이의 일반적인 관습이다가나안 사람들 중에는 없다.

Phoenicians and Modern Lebanon


 Modern-day Lebanese look upon their Phoenician heritage with pride. Although the vast majority of them descended from Arabs, they prefer to refer themselves as Phoenicians as opposed too Muslims, Christians, Arabs or even Lebanese.

Fisherman in Lebanon still chant "El...EEE...sa, El...EEE...sa," which is believed to have originally been and ode to Elisa, the Princess of Tyre (Virgils Dido)

Genetic studies indicate that many of the people in Lebanon are descendants of Phoenicians and Canaanites while their impact in North Africa was minimal. DNA evidence indicates that most people that live there are indigenous North Africans and they did not come from the Middle East either during Phoenician era or during the Islamic expansion in the A.D. 7th century. DNA studies in Lebanon also reveal that both modern Muslims and Christians there share common Phoenician ancestors going back more than 5,000 years. On what he surmised about the Phoenician, Wells told National Geographic: “Apparently they didn’t interbreed much. They seem to have stuck mostly to themselves. They were a slippery people. They came, they traded, they left. I guess that only adds to their mystery.”

Phoenician DNA Shows Europe Ancestry

In May 2016, researchers announced that first DNA analysis of an ancient Phoenician — 2,500-year-old remains of a man from the Tunisian city of Carthage — showed that the man had European heritage. The mitochondrial DNA — or genetic information from his mother's side — came from a man known as "Young Man of Byrsa" or "Ariche." The findings reported in the journal PLOS ONE suggest his maternal lineage likely came from the north Mediterranean coast, on the Iberian Peninsula in present-day Spain or Portugal. [Source: AFP, May 26, 2016]

AFP reported: “According to lead study author Lisa Matisoo-Smith, a professor in the department of anatomy at New Zealand's University of Otago, the remains reveal the earliest known evidence in North Africa of a rare European genetic population, or haplogroup, known as U5b2c1. "U5b2c1 is considered to be one of the most ancient haplogroups in Europe and is associated with hunter-gatherer populations there," she said. "It is remarkably rare in modern populations today, found in Europe at levels of less than one percent.The matriarchal DNA of the man, whose remains were found by gardeners working outside the National Museum of Carthage in 1994, "most closely matches that of the sequence of a particular modern day individual from Portugal."

“The discovery sheds some new light on the history of the Phoenicians, who are thought to have originated in Lebanon and spread across the Mediterranean. Carthage was a prominent Phoenician port and trade center established by colonists from Lebanon. However, researchers were unable to find any links between the ancient man's mitochondrial DNA and that of 47 modern Lebanese people who were analyzed for the study. "Hopefully our findings and other continuing research will cast further light on the origins and impact of Phoenician peoples and their culture," said Matisoo-Smith.”

Image Sources: Wikimedia Commons, The Louvre, The British Museum, Bardo Museum

Text Sources: Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Mesopotamia sourcebooks.fordham.edu , National Geographic, Smithsonian magazine, especially Merle Severy, National Geographic, May 1991 and Marion Steinmann, Smithsonian, December 1988, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Discover magazine, Times of London, Natural History magazine, Archaeology magazine, The New Yorker, BBC, Encyclopædia Britannica, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Time, Newsweek, Wikipedia, Reuters, Associated Press, The Guardian, AFP, Lonely Planet Guides, “World Religions” edited by Geoffrey Parrinder (Facts on File Publications, New York); “History of Warfare” by John Keegan (Vintage Books); “History of Art” by H.W. Janson Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.), Compton’s Encyclopedia and various books and other publications.

Last updated September 2018

 

페니키아인과 현대 레바논


 오늘날 레바논 사람들은 그들의 페니키아 유산을 자랑스럽게 생각한다. 비록 그들 중 대다수가 아랍인의 후손이지만, 그들은 스스로를 이슬람교도, 기독교도, 아랍인, 심지어 레바논인과 반대로 페니키아인이라고 부르는 것을 선호한다.

레바논의 어부들은 여전히 "엘사"는 원래 티레의 공주 엘리사(Virgils Dido)에게 송가와 송가가 있었다고 믿어진다

유전학 연구에 따르면 레바논의 많은 사람들은 페니키아인과 가나안인의 후손이지만 북아프리카에서의 영향은 미미하다. DNA 증거는 그곳에 사는 대부분의 사람들이 북아프리카 토착민이고 그들은 페니키아 시대나 서기 7세기 이슬람 확장기에 중동에서 온 것이 아니라는 것을 보여준다. 레바논의 DNA 연구는 또한 현대 이슬람교도들과 그곳의 기독교도들이 5,000년 이상 전으로 거슬러 올라가는 공통의 페니키아 조상들을 공유하고 있다는 것을 보여준다. 웰스는 내셔널 지오그래픽에 페니키아인에 대해 "분명히 그들은 많은 교배를 하지 않았다. 그들은 대부분 자기 자신에게 집착한 것 같다. 그들은 미끈미끈한 사람들이었다. 그들은 오고, 교환하고, 떠났다. 그것은 그들의 신비를 더해줄 뿐이라고 생각합니다."

유럽의 조상을 보여주는 페니키아 DNA
2016년 5월, 연구원들은 튀니지 도시 카르타고 출신의 2,500년 된 남자의 유해인 고대 페니키아인의 첫 번째 DNA 분석이 그 남자가 유럽 유산을 가지고 있다는 것을 보여주었다고 발표했다. 미토콘드리아 DNA 또는 그의 어머니 쪽의 유전 정보는 "Byrsa의 젊은이" 또는 "아리체"로 알려진 한 남자에게서 나왔다 PLOS ONE 저널에 보고된 연구 결과는 그의 모계 혈통이 오늘날 스페인이나 포르투갈의 이베리아 반도 북부 지중해 연안 출신일 가능성이 있음을 시사한다. [출처: AFP, 2016년 5월 26일]

AFP통신은 "주요 연구 저자인 뉴질랜드 오타고 대학 해부학과 교수 리사 마티수-스미스에 따르면, 이 유골은 북아프리카에서 U5b2c1로 알려진 희귀한 유럽 유전자 집단, 즉 하플로그룹에 대한 최초의 알려진 증거를 보여준다. "U5b2c1은 유럽에서 가장 오래된 하플로그룹 중 하나로 여겨지며 그곳의 수렵채집 개체군과 관련이 있습니다," 라고 그녀가 말했습니다. "오늘날 유럽에서 1% 미만의 수준으로 발견되는 현대의 개체군에서는 매우 드문 일입니다.1994년 카르타고 국립박물관 밖에서 일하는 정원사들에 의해 발견된 이 남성의 모계 DNA는 포르투갈 출신의 특정 현대인의 염기서열과 가장 일치한다."

"이번 발견은 페니키아인들의 역사에 새로운 빛을 비추는데, 페니키아인들은 레바논에서 기원하여 지중해 전역으로 퍼져나간 것으로 생각된다. 카르타고는 레바논의 식민지 개척자들에 의해 세워진 페니키아의 중요한 항구이자 무역 중심지였다. 그러나 연구원들은 이 고대인의 미토콘드리아 DNA와 이 연구를 위해 분석된 47명의 현대 레바논 사람들의 DNA 사이의 연관성을 찾을 수 없었다. "우리의 발견과 다른 지속적인 연구가 페니키아 사람들과 그들의 문화의 기원과 영향에 대해 더 많은 빛을 주기를 바랍니다," 라고 마티수-스미스가 말했습니다

이미지 소스: 위키미디어 커먼즈, 루브르, 대영박물관, 바르도박물관

텍스트 소스: 인터넷 고대 역사 자료집: 메소포타미아의 자료집.fordham.edu, 내셔널 지오그래픽, 스미스소니언 매거진, 특히 멀 세버리, 내셔널 지오그래픽, 1991년 5월, 그리고 매리언 스타인만, 스미스소니언, 1988년 12월, 뉴욕 타임즈, 워싱턴 포스트, 로스앤젤레스 타임즈, 디스커버 매거진, 타임즈 오브 런던, 자연사 잡지, 고고학 잡지, 더 뉴요커, BBC, 브리태니커 백과사전, 메트로폴리탄olitan Museum of Art, Time, Newsweek, Wikipedia, Reuters, AP통신, 가디언, AFP, Lonely Planet Guides, 제프리 패린더 편집의 "세계 종교", 존 키건 편집의 "전쟁의 역사", H.W. Janson Prant Books의 "예술의 역사", Engliffords of Art", Englie, Engliped, Engliped그리고 다양한 책들과 다른 출판물들.

최종 업데이트 2018년 9월

 

https://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub371/item1986.html